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Browsing Journal Article by Author "Anitha Subash"
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- ItemAnalysis of Antinutritional Substances and Improvement in the Protein Digestibility of Sword Bean {Canavalia gladiata Jacq.) Seeds during Processing(2011) Anitha SubashCost-effective processing methods were studied to remove the antinutritional compounds in red and white sword bean (SB) [Canavalia gladiata Jacq.) seeds. Soaked and soaked and autoclaving effectively reduced the total free phenolics (69-76%), tannins (53-71%), L-Dopa (73-78%), Phytic acid (55-80%), oligosaccharides such as raffinose (74-80%), Stachyose (73-84%) and verbascose (79-88%), trypsin inhibitor activity (57-77%) and also improvement in the in vitro protein digestibility (90-98%) in white and red SB seeds. Adoption of this processing method will enhance the utilization of SB and provide alternative/additional protein source for both human beings and animals.
- ItemAntimicrobial Compounds Production by i®i'eM(io/7zo/za5' fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis(2012) Anitha SubashIn the present study, ten strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens and ten strains of Bacillus subtilis were isolated from the soil sample. The production of antimicrobial ,cornpounds such as HCN,;.sfd,er'ophQres, salicylic .acid and indole acetic acid by the isolates were estimated. Among thelsplates A.L)PF3,. AUES.2 'and AUBS.8, showed maximum production compared to the other isolates. Thus from the-above study, it can be cdncluded that effective isolates can be.used, as:, biocontrol agents;
- ItemBIOLOGICAL MATURITY AND CHEMICAL STABILITY OF MICROBIAL INFLUENCED TAPIOCA SOLID WASTE VERMICOMPOST(2010) Anitha SubashTapioca solid waste (TS\V), a major biodegradable solid waste having high amounts of organic matter, act as a better source and cow dung (CD) used as bulking material in the proportion of 3:1 for polyculture earthworm composting. Ain; of the present study was to evaluate the biological maturity and chemical stability (vermicompost aging) by analyzing the humic acict'level, microbial biomass, earthworm biomass, cocoon formation and worm mortality rate in microbial (Trichoderma viridae and Bacillus polyntyxa) aided TSW vermicomposting, because these parameters can control the quality of the resulting vermicompost. Analysis of the composts in control, microbes, earthworms and earthworms with microbes treated media were done on the 2S''‘, SO"' and 75"' day.s. Significant changes were observed in all media except control. Significant ' changes, such as: 1. increased'iinmic acid content, 2. increased microbial biomass (COj up to SO''' day then decline on the 75''' day, 3. decreased earthworm biomass, 4, increased earthworm biomass and 5. cocoon formation, were recorded. The yield of the final compost was high in earthworms with microbes treated medium. Thus, our results reveal that the use of selected microorganisms with polyculture earthworms enhances the composting process and chemical stability of Tapioca solid waste vermicomposting.
- ItemCHARACTERISATION OF TANNERY SOLID WASTES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF LEATHER PROCESSING AND VERMICOMPOSTING AS A METHOD OF DEPOLLUTING THE WASTES(2010) Anitha SubashFour types of wastes were collected from different stages of leather processing namely, LDB-BT, LDB-AT, PW-BT and CTW-ACR and mixed with equal amounts of vegetable wastes and vermicomposted using local species of earthworms and then analyzed. The results show an increase in pH, EC and decrease in COD, TDS, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium in the vermicompost.
- ItemComparative Study on Precipitation Techniques for Protease Isolation and Purification from Labeo Rohita Viscera(2012) Anitha SubashPrecipitation techniques play a vital role in the industrial extraction of enzymes. The present study aimed to extract the proteases from the viscera of Labeo rohita (commonly called Rohu) and to compare the precipitation techniques for the isolation and purification of the enzyme. The enzyme is usually discarded as tons of waste during processing. Hence, a trial has been carried out to isolate the protease enzymes from viscera of the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. The proteases were precipitated with ammonium sulfate, ethanol, and acetone. Acetone precipitation was found to be the best option for the recoveiy of enzymes (54%) from the viscera o f Rohu, and two caseinolytic protease bands were shown in the Zymogram. The precipitates with highest proteolytic activity were further subjected to dialysis, and their molecular weight was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyaciylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
- ItemEffects of processing technique on the nutritional composition and aiitinutrients content of under -utilized food legume Ccinavalia ensiformis L.DC.(2011) Anitha SubashJack Bean (JB) (Canavalia ensiformis) is an indigenous legume promoted in Tamilnadu as a green manure cover crop. It contains high protein but it is under - utilized due to the presence of 3, 4-dihydroxy- Lphenylalanine (L-D6pa) and other anti nutritional compounds. To improve its nutritional potential as a protein source, Jack bean was processed and evaluated for nutritional composition. Effects of processing at different methods like soaking, cooking and autoclaving on the contents of anti-nutritional compounds and crude protein were investigated. Raw beans contained high crude protein (29.8 g/100'). Contents of ether extract; crude fibre and ash were 4.2, 7.37 and 4.48 g/100 ', respectively. Raw whole Jack bean contained L-Dopa (1.7 g/100 ‘) content. Other anti-nutritional compounds included total phenols 3.83 g/100-1, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) 378.3 TIU and tannins 82.5 mg/100 '. The present study also evaluated the changes of anti-nutritional factors of Jack bean by subjecting to soaking, autoclaving and cooking. Maximum reduction was observed in TIA, L-Dopa and Total free phenols with autoclaving, while the soaking and cooking decreases the levels of tannins. Autoclaving was more effective method in reducing trypsin inhibitor activity, polyphenols and L-Dopa than the various cooking treatments.
- ItemEfficacy of talc-based fornuilation of Pseudomonas fluorescens on the management of leaf spot disease of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni(2014) Anitha SubashStevia rebaudiana Bertoni, *3 natural sweetener contains two main sweetest compounds, stcyioside (ST) and rebaudioside A (R-A), tasting about 300 and 450 times sweeter than sucrose, respectively. I ’his commercially important plant also suffers a leaf spot disease caused by thesfungus Alteniaria alternata in various districts of Tamil Nadu, India. In the present study, ten isolates o f fluorescent pseudomonads were evaluated for their ability to control leaf spot in stevia.^(Steviasrebaudiana Bertoni). These isolates were characterized as Pseudomonas fluorescens on,biochemical tests. Among these isolates, P. fluorescens \so\a\e AIJPF'6 .', and AUPF5 showed ’ the maximum inhibition of mycelial gtovA)): o i Alternaria alternata. They also increased plant growth in stevia apart from reducing thedeaf spot incidence under greenhouse condition. The isolates AUPF6 and AUPF5 were further tested for their ability to iinduce production of defense’*related enzymes and, ■chemicals in" plants,'‘ Earlier ■■ and -increased^ activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL),' iperoxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were observed in ■ P.. fluorescens AUPF6 and AUPF5 pretreated stevia plants challenged with Alternaria i alternata. Moreover, • higher accumulation of phenolics was noticed in plants ipretreated with P. fluorescens isolates AUPF6 and AUPF5 challenged with Alternaria alternata . Thus, the present study shows that in additionito direct antagonism and plantsgrowth-prpinotion, 'induction of defense-related enzymes involved in the phenyl •'‘propanoid pathway collectively contributed to enhance resistance against^ithe \maaion o f Alternaria alternata in sXcvia.
- ItemIsolation and Characterization of Proteases From the Viscera of Labeo Rohita(2011) Anitha SubashA preliminary study on the isolation and characterization of proteases from the crude extract of visceral organs o\' Labeo rohita were carried out. In order to estimate the number of proteases and their mass, the crude protease extract were separated by SDS-PAGE and then the activity was revealed by Zymogiain. The crude enzyme extract showed two clear bands on casein and gelatin Zymogram, which indicated the presence of two major proteases. The optimal pH and temperature of the protea,ses obtained in crude extract wore 8.0 and 40" C respectively, using casein as a substrate. Furthermore, the crude enzymes uere characterized by protease inhibitors namely phenylmethylsulphony l fluride (PMSF). EDTA and p mercaptoethanol. in which the protease enzymes were strongly inhibited by PMSF (serine protease inhibitor). In addition, the enzymes were found to be highly active in the presence of activators like Mg"^ Ca^\ Mn^"^ and Na*. The protease kinetic constants, K„, and V,„„^ of the crude enzymes for casein, were 0.65 niM and 2.5 U/ml/min respectively. With respect to properties of the enzyme and its capacity for degradation of different protein sources, these proteases finds potential application for waste treatment used in detergent and leather industry
- ItemOptimization and Immobilization of Purified Laheo rohita Visceral Protease by Entrapment Method(2012) Anitha Subashlire purified fish visceral protease enzyme was immobilized by using various concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride to optimize the best concentration for the formation of the beads. Then it was characterized by assaying the cjptimal pH. temperature, storage stability and reusability. The results on immobilization with sodium alginate and calcium chloride ^howed that a combination of 2% sodium alginate and 0.3 M calcium chloride weas found to be the optimum concentration for the formation of spherical and stable beads, this gave a maximal entrapped activity of 48.31%, and there was no change in the optimum pH 8.0 and temperature 40*C of protease before and after entrapment. The results on stability and reusability indicated that it was stable at 4‘C retaining 100% rc.sidual activity after 5 days of storage and 67% loss of activity after ten days of storage and it retained 100% residual activity on the first reuse, 75% residual acthity on the second reuse, 25% residual activity on the third use and complete loss in the activity on the fourth reuse.
- ItemOptimization of Protease Production by Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Mid Gut of Fresh Water Fish Labeo rohita(2011) Anitha SubashProtease enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of protein. Among the various proteases, bacterial proteases are the most significant when compared with animal and fungal proteases. The aim of the present study was to isolate the protease producing Bacillus strain a n f to optimize the media composition that supports the protease production. The enzyme from fish intestinal bacteria is an untouched bio-source for enzyme production. Hence, the isolation and enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria from gastrointestinal tracts of rohu, Labeo rohita was carried out. The isolates were selected based on the cellular moi-phology, growth conditions and biochemical tests. The best protease producing organism was screened and found as Bacillus subtilis by 16S rRNA sequencing. Then, production medium for Bacillus subtilis were optimized by using different pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources for 48 hours fermentation period. The results obtained in the present study revealed that protease production can be optimized at pFI - 9.0, temperature 40°C by utilizing carbon source as glucose and nitrogen source as peptone.
- ItemPartial Characterization of Protease from the Visceral Organ Waste of Cobia {Rachycentroii canadum)(2013) Anitha SubashProtea.ses are the most important enzymes accounting for approximately 60% of the total industrial enzyme market. Its isolation from the visceral organ wa.ste of Cobia showed the highest specific activity in the 4 0 - 50 % ammonium sulphate precipitated sample. Hence, that fraction was dialyzed and was found to have an increase in the specific activity from 2.0 - 3.2 U/mg. Purification of the dialyzed fractions on Sephadex G-lOO column also revealed an increase in the specific activity from 3.2 - 3.5 U/mg. The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 32.0 KDa. Zymogram was done to confirm the presence of protease. The optimum pH and temperature of the isolated enzyme was shown to be 8 and 60"C where the protease activity was found to be the highest. Keywords: Cobia, alkaline protease, fish waste, enzyme
- ItemTHE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROBIAL INFLUENCE ON TAPIOCA SOLID WASTE VERMICOMPOSTING(2010) Anitha SubashVermicomposting is the most economical and sustainable option for organic waste management. Tapioca solid waste (TSW) is one of the major biodegradable wastes containing high amounts of organic matter. Utilization of earthworms to breakdown organic wastes is gaining importance in solid waste management in different parts of the world. Trichoderma viridae, a cellulase producing fungi and Bacillus polymyxa a free living nitrogen fixing bacteria enrich the nutrient content of final compost. The present study has investigated the suitable ratio of tapioca solid waste (TSW) and cow dung (CD) to obtain high quality vermicompost and also to assess the combined effects of poly culture worms and microbes on tapioca solid waste vermicomposting by analyzing the physico-chemical properties of the final compost on the /S'” day. The increased levels of nutrients suggest that the suitable ratio of TSW and CD treatment mixture was 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1.The per cent increase in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and other trace elements were significantly high in the 3:1 ratio sample, which proved to be the most effective treatment mixture. Similarly, there was an increase in the macro and micronutrients (N, P, K. Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mo) and decrease in Na, Cu and S contents in media treated with a combination of earthworms with microorganisms. Thus, our study showed that the combined use of T. viridae and B. polymyxa with polyculture worms was the best method for tapioca solid waste composting.
- ItemA Study of Purification Profile and Molecular Weight of Fish Visceral Protease Precipitated With Different Precipitating Agents(2014) Anitha SubashThe study was aimed at managing the vast amounts of wastes of the redfish Lutjanus sebea to isolate an industrially useful enzyme-protease. The visceral organ waste.s of fish were collected, homogenized with Tris-HCI buffer and precipitated with varying concentrations of ammonium sulphate, aeetone and ethanol and was then purified by dialysis and Sephadex G-lOO column chromatography. The purification profile (the protein content, protease activity, specific activity, purification fold, and recovery %) were studied in the crude and partially purified samples. The results .showed that the activity was maximum when precipitated with 40-60% ammonium sulphate, 100% acetone and 40% ethanol. The fractions with the highest specific activity were selected for further purification by dialysis and Sephadex G-lOO column chromatography. The molecular weight of the isolated enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE and Native PAGE and was to he found 27 kDa. The presence of protease was confirmed by zymography.
- ItemA Study on Thrombolytic, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Murraya Koenigii(2012) Anitha SubashThe plant Murraya koer)igii was selected and analyzed for thrombolytic, cytotoxic and antioxidant potential. Phytochemical analysis was performed in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Murraya koenigii to detect several kinds of phytoconstituents namely carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, steroids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and volatile oils. The thrombolytic activity of the aqueous extract of the plant was found to be 26.17%. Correlation was carried out between serum cholesterol level and thrombolytic activity of Murraya koenigii, where no correlation was obtained. The cytotoxicity of the plant was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay which expressed a LC50 value of 6.45.Total antioxidant level in terms of Gallic acid equivalence was found to be 350.81i0.99 mg/g. Thus the present findings suggest that, the plant has thrombolytic, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties which could be explored for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
- Itemutilization Of Visceral Organ Waste Of Catia (Catia Catia) For The -Isolation, Purification And Partial Characterization Of Protease(2010) Anitha SubashProtease is an industrially important enzyme isolated from various sources. Its isolation from the visceral organ waste of Catia, showed the highest specific activity in 50-60 % ammonium sulphate precipitation. The change in increase o f specific activity from 2.2 to 3.5 U/mg was noted with the dialyzed fraction. Further purification on Sephadex G-lOO column revealed an increase of specific activity from 3.5 to 3.7 U/mg. The molecular weight o f the enzyme was found to be 28.0 KDa. On Native PAGE it was found to be 48.0 KDa, which indicated the multimeric nature o f the isolated protein. The optimum pH and temperature o f the isolated enzyme was found to be 8 and 60°C respectively.
- ItemUtilization of Visceral Waste of Ribbon Fish {Trachjpterus Tracijypterus) for the Extraction, Purification and Characterization of Protease(2011) Anitha SubashAbstract: Rihhon ftsli (I'radiiptcrus trachyptcrus) i\ one of the mast commonly constimctlfisli in Coimbatore Ribbon fish possesses all the characteristics o f fish iivinp in very preat depth. Their fins especialiy and the membrane connectinp them are o f a very delicate and brittle structure. There is some potential fo r gaininp more value from fish waste. It is rich in valuable minerals, enzymes, pipments and favours that are required by many industries includinp food, apriculture, aquaculture and pharmaceuticals industries. Fish waste can also he utilised in the production o f orpanic fertilisers and composts, which have sipnificant benefits over chemical-based products. The aim of the present study was to utilize the visceral waste of ribbon fish (Trachipterus trachyptenis) for the extraction, purification and characterization o f protease. The wastes o f the fish Trachipterus trachyptenis were-coUected, cleaned, Itomopenizc’d, precipitated with ,4111111011111111 sulphate o f varyinp concentrations (0- S0%), purified by dialysis, Sephadex-G100 chromatapraphy, molecular weiphi determined by SD.S - PAGE, the presence o f protease confirmed by /ymopraphy and its activity assayed and atialyzed. The activity was found to be hiphest at the alkaline pH 7.H and maximuin protease activity remained at 50"C.