Development of Bioactive Drug Formulations Using Eco-friendly Metallic Nanoparticles for Sustained Drug Release Systems and Selected In vitro Biomedical Applications
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Date
2025-12
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Avinashilingam
Abstract
The present study focuses on developing bioactive nanoencapsulated formulations for sustained drug release. Garlic, widely used as a spice, contains Allicin, a compound with significant medicinal values, but it is unstable due to environmental factors like heat.Conventional organic solvent extraction often results in low yield and degradation. Therefore,using green solvent-based ionic liquids are eco-friendly solvents helps in enhancing the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds compared with conventional methanolic extract. To stabilise Allicin and achieve controlled release, researchers developed floating tablet and microspheres-based formulations. The tablet optimisation was carried out using over-the-counter medicine-ciprofloxacin. The best formulation containing drug and polymer- excipients exhibited sustained drug release over 120 h. The tablet incorporating fresh garlic juice showed rapid release within 3 h, which may be suitable for ailments requiring an immediate effect. Microsphere-based formulations using fresh garlic juice improved stability and bioavailability. These microspheres have possessed spherical particles with an average size 10.46 μm. Further enhancement was achieved by synthesising eco-friendly metallic
nanoparticles (gold and silver) using plant extracts from Amphilophium paniculatum (leaves), Tristellateia australasiae (leaves), Haematocarpus validus (fruits) and Phoenix dactylifera (seeds). These nanoparticles were characterised using analytical and microscopic techniques. In silico screening of identified bioactive compounds was performed to evaluate their potential as DPP-IV inhibitors. The synthesised nanoparticles were assessed for antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities. In particular, APE-assisted silver nanoparticles inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae by 87% and reduced A549 cell viability by
35%. Both APE-silver and DSE- gold nanoparticles showed effective α-amylase inhibition and antibacterial properties, indicating their potential for managing type 2 diabetes and bacterial infections. The nanoparticles also exhibited non-genotoxicity. Nanoencapsulated microspheres exhibited 95-97% sustained release, reducing dosage frequency, and improving bioavailability. In addition, the garlic-nano encapsulated microspheres enhanced antibacterial and antidiabetic activity. The use of synthesised nanoparticles in antimicrobial and UV- protective textile applications was also explored. Overall, this research work exhibited the
potential of bioactive nano-encapsulated formulations and eco-friendly synthesised metallic nanoparticles for sustained drug release, biomedical, and textile applications.