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Item Parent’s Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice on Pre-requisite Skills for Children with Autism and its Influence on Parents Mental Health and Self-efficacy- A Sensitization Study(AVInashilingam, 2025-08) SeemaSaikia; Guide - Dr. RamyaBhaskarAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that requires intensive and continuous care, where parents play a vital role in both management and day-to-day support. Parents serve not only as primary caregivers but also as consistent facilitators of their child’s learning and socialisation, making them critical partners in intervention processes. Nevertheless, the present study has focused on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of parents of children with autism on pre-requisite skills. These pre-requisite skills, which include social, communication, and self- help abilities, are essential for children to progress in learning and independence, leading towards vocational development. Without a clear understanding and effective practice of these skills at home, interventions often lose continuity and efficacy. Thus, the present study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the KAP of parents regarding pre-requisite skills, while also evaluating the effect of a sensitization programme designed to enhance parental knowledge, attitude, and practice in this domain. In addition to KAP, the study also addressed a crucial but often overlooked dimension: the mental health of parents themselves and their self- efficacy. Parenting a child with autism is stressful and emotionally taxing, often contributing to poor mental health outcomes and reduced self-efficacy among parents. In recognition of this challenge, the study simultaneously aimed to assess parents’ mental health and self-efficacy, while examining the impact of the sensitization programme on these parameters as well. The study was conducted in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.Out of the 16 special schools shortlisted for the present study, only 5 schools accepted to be a part of the research, and 143 parents of children with autism consented to participate. The study followed an action-based cross-sectional design by adopting a purposive sampling technique. The study was also approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of the University (approval No. IHEC/19-20/HD/46).For the present study, four assessment scales were chiefly used, such as a self-developed tool to elicit socio-demographic profile of parents of children with autism, which includes the gender of parents, qualification, occupation, family income, number of siblings, types of family, and area of residence. ALikert scale consisting of 35 items each was developed by the researcher to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) of parents towards pre-requisite skills. The items covered the aspects of scheduling, attention, socialisation, self-control, self-advocacy, safety, communication, and imitation. The tool was tested for reliability and validity. Face validity and content validity were done, and the feedback and suggestions from subject experts were considered and incorporated to further refine the scales.The reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha reliability test, with scores of 0.94 for knowledge, 0.84 for attitude, and 0.79 for practice,showing an excellent, very good, and good reliability of the scales, respectively. Validity was tested using principle component analysis (PCA) where the sampling adequacy was also found to be adequate for KAP with 0.760, 0.846, and 0.645, respectively and Bartlett’s test of Sphericity showed the significant level with cumulative percentage of 69.240 for knowledge, 69.652 for attitude, and 69.201 for practices, which were in the acceptable ranges. Standardised tools such as Mental Health Inventory (MHI) by Jagdish and Srivastava 2005, and Early Intervention Parents Self- Efficacy Scale (EIPSES) by Guimond, Wilcox, &Lamorey2008, were utilized to assess parents’ mental health and self-efficacy.The baseline findings of the study revealed that parents of children with autism demonstrated average to low levels of knowledge, unfavourable attitudes, and low to average levels of practice regarding pre-requisite skills. This indicated that while some awareness existed, a lack of comprehensive understanding and consistent application remained barriers to supporting children effectively. Parents’ mental health levels were found to be poor to very poor, highlighting the significant emotional strain and stress endured by families. Self-efficacy levels were also reported to be average to low, reflecting a lack of confidence among parents in their ability to handle the complex and demanding requirements of raising a child with ASD. These findings underscored the need for sensitization/interventions that simultaneously address both skill-based awareness and the psychosocial challenges parents face.A sensitization programme was planned and conducted, specifically designed for this research, aimed at equipping parents with an improved understanding of pre-requisite skills and strategies to effectively support their children in everyday situations. Of the larger pool, 30 parents were placed in the experimental group and another 30 in the control group for the sensitization component of the study.Statistical analyses revealed that paired t-tests demonstrated meaningful differences between pre- and post-test scores when compared with the control group, showing small to medium effect size in knowledge and attitude, as well as practice, respectively. These findings suggest that while knowledge improved modestly, the programme was particularly effective in reshaping parental attitudes and practice areas. Repeated measures – ANOVA was conducted to examine the sustainability showed that there was no significant variance in the experimental group’s post-test scores and follow-up scores. This was observed both at the first follow-up (after a 10-day interval) and the second follow-up (after a month’s interval), indicating that the improvements were largely retained. However, a slight decline was observed across follow-ups, implying reinforcement over time is necessary. In terms of parental mental health and self-efficacy, the experimental group showed significant improvements compared to the control group, with medium effect sizes, indicating meaningful changes in the mental health state and self-efficacy levels of parents. Repeated measures - ANOVA again confirmed that these improvements were largely sustained across follow-up assessments, although some minor declines were evident, indicating consistent reinforcement and long-term support mechanisms are necessary for enduring impact. The findings from this study carry important implications, highlighting the critical need to focus on parents not only as caregivers but also as individuals who require knowledge, skills, emotional resilience, and confidence to manage the demands of raising a child with ASD. Training programmes should therefore be designed to be holistic, integrating both informational and psychosocial support elements. The study points to policy and practice implications. There is a strong case for embedding parent sensitization and support programmes within the infrastructure of special schools and community health systems. Policymakers and practitioners should consider establishing formalized parent training modules as a routine part of early intervention services. In conclusion,this study demonstrates that while parents of children with autism often begin with limited knowledge and confidence, when parents are supported with knowledge, attitude, practice, mental health care, and self-efficacy, the outcomes can be transformative for both children and parents contributing to better developmental outcomes for children with autism and a healthier, more resilient family system. Keywords- Autism, Parents, Pre-requisite skills, Mental health, Self-efficacy, SensitizationItem Effect of High Intensity Interval Training Aerobic Training and Concurrent Training on Selected Physical Physiological and Skill Performance Variables among Football Players(Avinashilingam, 2025-07) Eswari S; Guide - Dr.T.ShanmugavalliThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Aerobic Training (AT), Concurrent Training (CHAT) and Control group (CG) on selected physical, physiological, and skill performance variables among football players. Football demands a high level of fitness, combining speed, agility, endurance, and technical proficiency. To identify the most effective training method, the following objectives were formulated: To examine the effects of HIIT on selected performance variables; To assess the influence of aerobic training on physical and skill outcomes; To evaluate the combined effects of HIIT and AT (concurrent training); and to compare the effectiveness of these three training methods.Hundred intercollegiate male football players aged 18–21 years, with at least two years of playing experience, were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=25 each): Group I (HIIT), Group II (AT), Group III (CHAT), and Group IV (CG). The intervention lasted for Twelve weeks, with each group undergoing its respective training protocol three days per week under controlled conditions. Physical variables assessed included Muscular strength, Muscular endurance, Speed, Power, Agility and Cardiovascular Endurance; physiological variables included heart rate and VO₂ max; and skill performance variables included, passing, kicking, dribbling and shooting. Pre- and post-test data were collected, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was employed to analyze the results, controlling for pre-test differences. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. All four groups showed statistically significant improvements in most measured variables. However, the Concurrent Training group (CHAT) demonstrated the most comprehensive enhancement across all physical, physiological, and skill performance domains, with several variables reaching high statistical significance. In conclusion, Concurrent Training, which combines the strengths of both HIIT and aerobic training methods, was found to be the most effective in enhancing overall football performance. Keywords : High-Intensity Interval Training, Aerobic Training, Concurrent Training, Football, Physical Fitness, Skill Performance, VO₂ max, ANCOVA, Objectives.Item Exploring the Dasya Bhakti from the selected Dasa Sahityas(Avinashilingam, 2025-12) Sajitha Suku. B; Guide - Dr.V.Janaka Maya DeviWorship began in primitive times where early humans used simple rituals to connect it with natural elements like the Sun, Fire, Water and many more. Overtime, worship took on a variety of forms with the change of living situations and society.Man developed different kinds of approaches to express their devotion and connect with the God. Navavidhabhakti, or the nine methods of devotion, which was mentioned in Srimad Bhagavata Purana is a significant sighting that made worship more personalised and inclusive. These paths of devotion supported the devotees to choose a suitable approach of worship that worked best for them. Nine types of devotion which makes up Navavidhabhakti are Sravanam, Keertanam, Smaranam, Padasevanam, Archanam, Vandanam, Dasyam, Sakhyam, and Atmanivedanam. Among these, Dasya Bhakti is unique that emphasizes humbleness, obedience, service and surrender to the Supreme. Dasya Bhakti incorporates aspects of all other seven bhaktis within itself, thus making it a comprehensive and all-inclusive form of worship.The lyrics of several types of Compositions expressively convey Dasya Bhakti. However, the dedication of servitude to God is most deeply emphasized and beautifully portrayed in Haridasa Sahitya, written by Haridasa saints who adhered to Dvaita Vedanta. These compositions mainly highlight the servant-master connection using simple language, making spiritual lessons understandable to the common people. This thesis is entitled as ‘Exploring the Dasya Bhakti from the selected Dasa Sahityas’, which includes five chapters excluding Introduction and Conclusion. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the evolution of worship started from the nature worship prevailed from the primitive period till the modern period, including the evolution of Navavidhabhakti. The second chapter details the uniqueness and servitude mode of Dasya Bhakti and the core connection of Dasyam with the Haridasa Sahitya composed by Haridasa saints. The third chapter details the elaborated life sketch of Sripadaraja, Vyasaraja, Vadiraja, Purandaradasa, Kanakadasa and Vijayadasa and chapter four is a detailed lyrical analysis of the selected Compositions of the above selected Haridasas, to bring out the core Dasalakshanas [characteristic features of Dasyam] depicted in the lyrics. The fifth chapter analyses selected six compositions of the selected Haridasas, each with one musical aspect. Only a few aspects of musical analysis have been carried out on selected compositions because the primary emphasis of this thesis is to reveal Dasalakshanas through lyrical analysis. The aim of this thesis is to explore eighteen significant Dasalakshanas, which authentically represent the fundamental dasa qualities (qualities of a soulful devotee), by lyrically analysing selected eighteen compositions (Haridasa Sahitya), composed by selected six Haridasas. Each of these Dasalakshanas provides insightful advice for developing a urposeful and well-rounded living in the present.Item Effectiveness of Reiki and Existential Therapy in Managing Body Pain Intensity and Insomnia Among Women(Avinashilingam, 2025-07) Sathya M; Guide - Dr. S. GayatrideviWomen play a vital role in every culture and are multifaceted. Being a woman is a disguised blessing. They face problems or challenges in their day to day life either socially or physically. Body pain and Insomnia are the remnants of this age of high demand and stress. Reiki and Existential Therapy is an integrated model of noninvasive alternative therapy and psychotherapy that has the potential to reduce symptoms of insomnia, pain and improve holistic well-being. A total of 124 participants aged 36-64 were selected by purposive sampling, with 30 participants in the Reiki intervention group, 31 in the Existential therapy group, 32 in the integrated therapy group and 31 in waitlist control group who were randomly assigned. The research design is Before, After and Follow-up with Waitlist Control Group Design (Randomized Control Trial method). A mixed method approach was used for pain and insomnia assessment among the participants. Assessments were done using the Brief Pain Inventory (Cleeland, 1994) and Regensburg Insomnia Scale (RIS) (Croenlein 2013). Intervention to the three experimental groups was given over a period of three months with 18 sessions. Pain and insomnia were reassessed after the intervention, and a follow-up was also done after 3 months using the same tools. The data was analyzed using the Design Expert Software version 13 for Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for process optimization, SPSS 29 for repeated measures MANOVA and Atlas ti 25 for qualitative analysis. Results revealed that Reiki and Existential therapy (integrated intervention model) is more effective in reducing the levels of Pain and insomnia among women. Interventions to overcome pain and insomnia can significantly improve the well-being and overall mental health of women. Keywords: Pain, Insomnia, Middle Adulthood Women, Reiki, Existential TherapyItem Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Stages Using Deep Learning Architectures(Avinashilingam, 2025-08) Santhiya Lakshmi K; Guide - Dr. B. SARGUNAMDiabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a progressive microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Early detection and accurate classification of DR are essential for timely medical intervention and prevention of severe visual deterioration. Traditional diagnostic approaches rely on manual grading by ophthalmologists, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and susceptible to inter- observer variability. Recent advancements in Deep Learning (DL) have demonstrated significant potential in automating DR classification; however, existing models face challenges related to overfitting, computational complexity, and generalization across diverse datasets. This research aims to develop a robust and computationally efficient DR classification system capable of accurately detecting all four stages of DR like normal, mild, moderate and severe while addressing these challenges. The proposed methodology follows a three step approach to enhance model performance and adaptability. In the first phase, Transfer Learning (TL) is employed to fine-tune state-of-the-art pretrained models, particularly EfficientNetV2L, using the Asia Pacific Tele-Ophthalmology Society (APTOS) dataset. The objective is to utilize deep feature extraction capabilities while ensuring improved generalization. Data augmentation and scaling techniques are incorporated to mitigate overfitting and enhance model robustness. In the second phase, a custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture is designed to optimize feature extraction and computational efficiency. The architecture incorporates structured convolutional layers, batch normalization, and dropout mechanisms to enhance learning stability while reducing the risk of overfitting. In the third phase, a hybrid model is developed by integrating the EfficientNetV2L with the custom CNN architecture, thereby utilising the strengths of both architectures. Extensive hyperparameter tuning is performed, including learning rate scheduling, dropout regularization, batch size optimization, and adaptive optimization using Adam optimizer, to ensure efficient training and convergence. The hybrid model is designed to provide a balance between high classification accuracy and computational feasibility, facilitating its deployment in clinical applications.The proposed system is evaluated using key performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and computational complexity (trainable parameters).The hybrid model (EfficientNetV2L + Custom CNN Model) achieves the highest classification accuracy of 94%, with a precision of 94%, recall of 93%, and F1-score of 94%, utilizing 441,087 trainable parameters. Comparative analysis with benchmark models demonstrates the superiority of the proposed approach, with EfficientNetV2L achieving 92% accuracy, the Custom CNN Model reaching 88% accuracy, while conventional architectures such as VGG16 (85%), ResNet-50 (87%), InceptionV3 (89%), and DenseNet121 (90%) exhibit relatively lower performance. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the hybrid approach in achieving state-of-the-art classification accuracy while maintaining computational performance. The developed hybrid model is evaluated against an existing architecture that integrates DenseNet121, Xception, and EfficientNetB3, comprising 2,361,860 trainable parameters. The existing model achieves an accuracy of 75%, precision of 73%, recall of 75%, and an F1 score of 71%. In contrast, the proposed model, with only 441,087 parameters, demonstrates superior performance achieving a 19% increase in accuracy, 21% in precision, 18% in recall, and 23% in F1 score highlighting its effectiveness despite a significantly reduced parameter count. This research contributes to the advancement of automated DR classification by integrating fine-tuned pretrained models with a lightweight custom CNN, resulting in a scalable, efficient, and clinically viable diagnostic framework. The system is validated using clinical data to ensure its applicability in practical healthcare settings, particularly in resource-constrained environments where access to high-end computational resources is limited. The proposed model has the potential to significantly enhance early DR detection, improve diagnostic consistency, and ultimately contribute to better patient outcomes in ophthalmic disease management.Item Creating Awareness on Organic Waste Management Practices among Selected Rural Households(Avinashilingam, 2024-07) Vinothini R; Guide - Manimozhi KThis study investigates the impact of a training program on organic farming practices among rural households in selected areas, aiming to enhance health, reduce environmental pollution, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The research methodology involved conducting household surveys, implementing training sessions, and evaluating the program's outcomes. The household survey gathered demographic data and insights into current agricultural practices and organic waste management. Findings highlighted diverse farming practices and challenges such as pest attacks and diseases, exacerbated by the heavy use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic waste management practices also revealed significant gaps in disposal methods and environmental awareness among rural communities. The training program focused on educating farmers about organic farming techniques, including composting and natural pest control methods. Evaluation of the training's impact showed notable improvements in farmers' knowledge and attitudes towards organic farming. Statistical analysis indicated significant changes in knowledge scores post-training, suggesting a substantial increase in understanding organic practices among participants. The adoption of organic practices post-training was another key outcome assessed. Results demonstrated a marked increase in the adoption of composting, organic growth boosters, and natural pest and disease management methods. This adoption was supported by economic benefits derived from reduced input costs and improved crop yields, contributing to rural household prosperity. Challenges identified during the study included logistical constraints in conducting widespread training and limitations in transportation for field visits. Despite these challenges, the training program succeeded in reaching a significant number of farmers and effecting meaningful changes in agricultural practices. The findings underscore the importance of targeted training programs in promoting sustainable agriculture and improving rural livelihoods. The study contributes valuable insights into the efficacy of educational interventions in transitioning farmers towards organic farming practices. Recommendations include scaling up similar training initiatives, addressing logistical barriers, and enhancing community awareness on environmental stewardship and waste management.Item A Hybrid Machine Learning approach for Detecting Intentional and Unintentional Insider Threats with Mitigation through Behavioral Biometrics and User Profiling Mechanism(Avinashilingam, 2025-07) Asha S; Guide - Dr. D. ShanmugapriyaInsider threat is a potential threat to an organization that results in financial and reputation losses while exposing sensitive information. Past research extensively focused on external threats, and overlooked on both intentional and unintentional insider threats.Several researchers majorly focused on detecting such insider activities but fail to mitigate both intentional and unintentional insider threats. Few challenges such as mishandling imbalanced dataset and fail to incorporate feature engineering techniques, limited mitigation strategies are encountered. This research employs a hybrid machine learning approach to identify insider threats and incorporated behavioural biometrics with user profiling to mitigate both intentional and unintentional insiders effectively. A methodology comprising of three phases is proposed. It consist of Preprocessing and Insider Detection (P&ID) in Phase I, Unintentional Insider Mitigation (UIM) in Phase II, and Intentional Insider Mitigation (IIM) in Phase III. P&ID consist of two layers - Preprocessing, and Insider Detection. In Layer 1, log data is preprocessed using data integration, encoding and tuned the nearmiss-2 sampling technique to obtain a balanced data to diminish the class imbalance problem. In Layer 2, a hybrid B-SVM combining Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies (BIRCH) is applied. It classifies users into genuine, intentional insiders, and unintentional insiders. The proposed method achieved a 99.15% detection accuracy, with a low misclassification rate of 0.85% for detecting both intentional and unintentional insider threats. Once unintentional insiders are detected, the unintentional insiders are mitigated in UIM phase. UIM phase consist of two layers – Feature engineering, and Core behavior identification. In Layer 1, Clonal Kernel Principal Component Analysis (CKPCA) is proposed for feature engineering. CKPCA integrates population subset selection, kernel mean embedding, and dimensionality reduction to improve feature representation. These features are further analyzed using Deep Belief Networks (DBN) in Layer 2 that achieved 99.84% authentication accuracy and a 0.15% Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0.15%. This phase significantly minimizes false alarms and ensures a reliable mitigation process for unintentional insiders. In IIM phase, the detected intentional insiders are mitigated using user profiling mechanism based on their authentication outcome. IIM phase consist of three layers – Data pre-processing, Model training and evaluation, and User profiling. In Layer 1, data pre-processing is done using label encoding and train-test split. In layer 2, Decision tree is modeled to categorize users low-risk and high-risk. In Layer 3, Low-risk users with legitimate activities are profiled into the Allowlist, while users displaying malicious intent with high-risk are placed on the Denylist. This adaptive profiling ensures that intentional threats are neutralized without affecting genuine users. The methodology was validated using two datasets namely the CERT Insider Threat Dataset and the CIC Darknet Dataset. P&ID detected 8 intentional and one unintentional insider among 250,078 daily logs using CERT Dataset. P&ID is validated with darknet dataset, detected 4,783 intentional-Darknet users and 68 unintentional- Darknet users where (VPN: 42) (Tor: 21) (NonVPN: 5) among 134,305 daily activities. UIM mitigated one unintentional insider as an intentional insider using CERT log activities. UIM mitigated 68 unintentional-Darknet users as 64 Intentional-Darknet and 4 benign users using darknet dataset. IIM profiled 57 genuine users in Allowlist and 8 intentional insiders in Denylist using CERT dataset. Using CIC Darknet dataset, the IIM profiled 5063 benign users in Allowlist and 4847 Intentional-Darknet users in Denylist. This study offers a practical and highly effective solution for insider threats in environments where user log data is analyzed. By combining hybrid machine learning models with behavioral biometrics and user profiling, the approach ensures accurate detection and mitigation of both intentional and unintentional threats. This approach can be applied in any environment where user log is prevalent.Item Genomic and epidemiological profile of cervical cancer patients - identifying risk factors, pathways and novel variants through integrated survey and whole exome sequencing strategies(Avinashilingam, 2025-01) Sudha B; Guide - Dr. S. SumathiCervical cancer is a serious global health concern in Tamil Nadu, India. It significantly affects rural women due to their fewer facilities and lesser knowledge regarding healthcare. The study was designed to examine cervical cancer's sociodemographic, clinical, and genetic aspects, thereby identifying existing knowledge gaps, enhancing clinical perception, and determining molecular targets for precision medicine. The socio-demographic assessment revealed poor awareness of the symptoms, preventive measures, and immunization, the most severe deficit in rural areas. Clinical profile analysis of cervical cancer patients from Sri Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, revealed that middle-aged rural women were the most affected and squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant subtype. The advanced stage of diagnosis was typical, with the prevalent symptoms being abdominal pain and post-menopausal bleeding. It also proved that cisplatin combination therapy is effective enough to change survival results. Considering the dominance of squamous cell cervical cancer, we have tried to profile the mutational patterns from biopsy samples using whole exome sequencing. Genomic analysis of 37 detrimental mutations found in critical genes and confirmation of novel variants in genes like POM121C, PRICKLE1, and GLIS3 by Sanger sequencing revealed bioinformatic dysregulated pathways like Hippo and TGF-beta signaling pathways, highlighting the molecular complexity of the disease and potential targets for precision treatment. Despite the limitations of having insufficient biopsy samples, the study calls for immediate improvement in public awareness, early detection strategies, and genomic-based therapy tailored to individual needs. These results offer crucial insight into the clinical and molecular landscape of cervical cancer and pave the way for precision medicine approaches to reduce mortality rates among affected populations.Item Exploring Neutrosophic Set Variants: Investigating Topological Insights, Approximation Spaces and Decision-Making Approaches(Avinashilingam, 2025-08) Bhuvaneshwari S; Guide - Dr. C.Antony Crispin SweetyList of Notations and Abbreviations : FS Fuzzy Set IVFS Interval Valued Fuzzy Set IFS Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set NS Neutrosophic Set SVNS Single Valued Neutrosophic Set TFS Temporal Fuzzy Set TIFS Temporal Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set PFS Pythagorean Fuzzy Set SFS Spherical Fuzzy Set PNS Pythagorean Neutrosophic Set NSS Neutrosophic Spherical Set FNS Fermatean Neutrosophic Set FTNS Fermatean Temporal Neutrosophic Set IVFNS Interval Valued Fermatean Neutrosophic Set FNCS Fermatean Neutrosophic Cubic Set PNT Pythagorean Neutrosophic Topology PNP Pythagorean Neutrosophic Point PNTS Pythagorean Neutrosophic Topological Space PNN Pythagorean Neutrosophic Neighbourhood PNOS Pythagorean Neutrosophic Open Set PNCS Pythagorean Neutrosophic Closed Set NST Neutrosophic Spherical Topology NSTS Neutrosophic Spherical Topological Space NSP Neutrosophic Spherical Point NSN Neutrosophic Spherical Neighbourhood NSOS Neutrosophic Spherical Open Set NSCS Neutrosophic Spherical Closed Set FNT Fermatean Neutrosophic Topology FNTS Fermatean Neutrosophic Topological Space FNP Fermatean Neutrosophic Point FNN Fermatean Neutrosophic Neighbourhood FNOS Fermatean Neutrosophic Open Set FNCS Fermatean Neutrosophic Closed Set BT-FNS Bitopologies of Fermatean Neutrosophic Set BT-FNSubs Bitopologies of Fermatean Neutrosophic Subsets FTNS Fermatean Temporal Neutrosophic Set FNGO Fermatean Neutrosophic Gradation of Openness FNGC Fermatean Neutrosophic Gradation of Closedness gp- map Gradation preserving map In-BTF Category of all-inclusive BT-FNSubs and continuous functions FNr-top Category of rth graded FNTSs and gp-maps FT-NTS Fermatean Temporal Neutrosophic Topological Spaces SFT-NT Fermatean Temporal Neutrosophic Topology in Šostak’s sense CFT-NT Fermatean temporal neutrosophic topology in Chang’s sense LFT-NT Fermatean Temporal neutrosophic topology in Lowen’s sense FTN- closed Fermatean Temporal Neutrosophic closed FTNRS Fermatean Temporal Neutrosophic Rough Set FNRAS Fermatean Neutrosophic Rough Approximation Space FN-r Fermatean Neutrosophic relation LT Linguistic Term MCDM Multi-Criteria Decision-Making CODAS Combinative Distance-Based Assessment ÐϺ Decision Maker SWAM Spherical Weighted Arithmetic Mean SWGM Spherical Weighted Geometric Mean FWAM Fermatean Weighted Arithmetic Mean FWGM Fermatean Weighted Geometric Mean D-Mx Decision Matrix NS D-Mx Neutrosophic Spherical Decision Matrix FN D-Mx Fermatean Neutrosophic Decision Matrix PIS Positive Ideal Solution NIS Negative Ideal Solution SF Score Function AC Accuracy Function TMNSDM Tangent Metric Neutrosophic Spherical Distance Measure TMFNDM Tangent Metric Fermatean Neutrosophic Distance Measure TOPSIS Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution ED Euclidean distance N-ED Normalized Euclidean Distance HD Hamming Distance N-HD Normalized Hamming Distance SMSVND Sine Metric Single- Valued Neutrosophic Distance : The scope of this thesis is to explore some of the existing neutrosophic variants and introduce some new types of neutrosophic variants. The notion of extended Pythagorean neutrosophic set, neutrosophic spherical set, and Fermatean neutrosophic set has been examined and the concepts of topology, rough set, operators, and measures has been developed and analysed. The idea of the proposed logic is extended to define Fermatean neutrosophic cubic set to manage high levels of uncertainty and vagueness and also to introduce Fermatean temporal neutrosophic set to deal with time moments. Further, the thesis combines rough set concept with Fermatean temporal neutrosophic set to construct a new class of rough set called Fermatean temporal neutrosophic rough set. A new class of aggregation operators for neutrosophic variant has been developed and used in a COmbinative Distance-based ASsessment (CODAS) evaluation method. Furthermore, tangent metric neutrosophic spherical distance measure and tangent metric Fermatean neutrosophic distance measure are formulated and applied to the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Illustrative examples have been provided to validate and compare the defined aggregation operators and distance measures.Item Antioxidant Potential of Cucurbita Pepo L Pumpkin Seed Extract in the treatment of Stress Induced Male Infertility An in Vivo Study(Avinashilingam, 2025-01) Amrutha B Nair; Guide - Rajeswari P.AInfertility is a growing global health concern, with male factors contributing to nearly 50% of reported cases. Environmental toxicants such as lead are known to impair male reproductive function primarily through oxidative stress. Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds, often discarded as biowaste, are rich in bioactive compounds and possess potential antioxidant properties. However, their role in stress-induced male infertility remains inadequately explored. The present study investigated the ameliorative effects of C. pepo seed aqueous extract against lead acetate induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. The study was conducted in five phases involving nutritional and antinutritional profiling, phytochemical and chromatographic analyses, in vitro antioxidant assays, acute oral toxicity evaluation, and an in vivo experimental study. Thirty rats were divided into five groups: control, lead acetate (30 mg/kg bw), seed extract alone (1000 mg/kg bw), lead acetate with low-dose extract (100 mg/kg bw), and lead acetate with high-dose extract (1000 mg/kg bw). Oral administration was carried out intermittently (15th, 30th and 45th days) for a duration of 45 days. The parameters such as body weight and individual organ weight measurements, sperm parameters, hormonal assays, serum and testis antioxidant assays, and histopathology analysis of reproductive organs were carried out using established methodologies. Lead acetate exposure resulted in significant reductions in body and individual organ weights, sperm count, motility, viability, reproductive hormone levels (FSH, LH and testosterone) and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, GPx, catalase) along with increased sperm abnormalities, semen pH, lipid peroxidation (MDA), and histopathological alterations in reproductive organ tissues. Co-administration of C. pepo seed extract, particularly at the higher dose, significantly ameliorated these alterations in a dose-dependent manner. The key finding of this research was that the C. pepo seed extract treatment has mitigated lead induced toxicity and exhibited significant improvement in their reproductive potential owing to the antioxidant property of their phytochemical components. Keywords: Male Infertility, Oxidative Stress, Lead Acetate, Cucurbita pepo L. Seeds, Antioxidant PotentialItem Acquisition and adoption of Digital Competency among Women Entrepreneurs in the Informal Sector(Avinashilingam, 2025-07) Mary Treasa C P; Guide - Dr. P .ShanthiDigital competency has emerged as a critical requirement for business development, sustained growth, and long-term competitiveness across sectors. The ability to navigate digital tools and platforms enhances operational efficiency, facilitates access to broader markets, strengthens customer engagement, and improves financial and administrative management. In this context, Digital skills serve as a vital indicator of an individual’s capacity to remain competitive, adapt to technological advancements, and leverage innovation for sustainable business outcomes. In the absence of adequate digital proficiency, many face the risk of exclusion from mainstream economic activities. The present study examines the influence of core antecedents, namely digital competency, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions, on behavioural intention, and how these factors contribute to the actual usage of technology in business operations. The study adopts the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as its theoretical framework, which effectively captures the interplay between these constructs and their impact on technology adoption. The study is both descriptive and analytical. The locale of the study is Palakkad district in Kerala, India, which was purposively selected due to its prominence for largely informal micro-enterprises. Primary data were collected from a sample of 240 informal women entrepreneurs using a structured questionnaire, and the internal consistency of the instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha value exceeding 0.70, indicating acceptable reliability. In addition, secondary sources such as government reports, published research articles, and institutional databases were utilized to complement and contextualize the findings. Targeted Digital competency intervention addresses the digital skill gap by systematically enhancing individual abilities in preparing training modules across key dimensions of digital competency and business applications for business operations. Moreover, technology adoption is closely linked to behavioural factors of technology adoption. Rank analysis was employed to identify the most significant challenges to technology adoption. To assess whether a significant mean difference existed in digital competency levels of women in the informal sector before and after the training intervention, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was applied. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis Test and the Mann-Whitney U Test were used to examine significant differences in digital competency across various socio-demographic and business profile variables of the respondents. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was conducted to evaluate the influence of key antecedents of behavioural intention on the actual use of technology The result indicated that digital competency was found to be significantly influenced by performance expectancy, indicating that enhanced digital skills improve perceptions of technology’s usefulness in business operations. This perception of performance expectancy, in turn, had a strong positive impact on behavioural intention to adopt technology. Social influence also emerged as a significant predictor of behavioural intention, emphasising the role of peer support and community validation in shaping technology adoption decisions. Furthermore, both digital competency and behavioural intention significantly contributed to the actual use of technology in business, confirming their pivotal roles in the adoption process. Behavioural intention was also identified as a key mediator between social influence and actual technology usage. On the other hand, Digital competency did not influence effort expectancy, suggesting that users still perceive new technologies as requiring effort despite increased digital proficiency. Effort expectancy and facilitating conditions did not significantly affect behavioural intention, indicating that ease of use and external support were less influential in determining intent to adopt technology. The sustained technology adoption is more closely tied to internal factors such as digital competency and perceived performance benefits than to structural or external enablers alone. Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Technology Adoption, Digital Competency, Behavioural Intention, Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Facilitating Conditions, Actual Usage.Item Exploring Entrepreneurship as a Coping Strategy for Mothers of Visually Challenged Children(Avinashilingam, 2025-08) Nirmala Fousta. A; Guide - Dr. Rymala MathenExploring Entrepreneurship as a Coping Strategy for Mothers of Visually Challenged Children :Mothers of visually challenged children face persistent emotional, social, and economic challenges arising from intensive caregiving responsibilities, societal stigma, financial insecurity, and limited institutional support. These stressors often lead to elevated parenting stress, reduced self-esteem, and diminished personal and social well-being. The present study investigates the effectiveness of entrepreneurship as a coping strategy to alleviate stress and enhance the overall quality of life of mothers of visually challenged children. Anchored in Resource Management Theory, the study conceptualises time, energy, and financial resources as critical constraints and examines how these can be effectively reorganised through life skills development and entrepreneurial engagement. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, and the study was conducted in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, across four systematic phases. Phase I, a cross-sectional survey, comprised a total sample of 423 mothers of visually challenged children drawn from eight special schools and organisations to assess socio-economic characteristics, factors leading to stress, parenting stress levels, and personal and social well-being. Phase II employed a pre-test and post-test intervention design with a sub-sample of 50 mothers, who participated in a structured Life Skills Training (LST) and handskills training programme focusing on stress management, decision-making, positive thinking, and income-generating skills. Phase III involved 20 trained mothers who established and operated a small-scale vending enterprise on the school campus (St. Louis Thai Store), while Phase IV evaluated the impact of entrepreneurship and satisfaction levels through detailed case studies of 10 mothers. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, independent and paired ttests, one-way ANOVA, and correlation analysis to examine differences and relationships between socio-demographic variables, stress factors, parenting stress, and personal and social well-being. The findings revealed statistically significant differences at the 1 per cent level, indicating that socio-demographic variables significantly influenced stress and well-being outcomes. Post-intervention results demonstrated a significant reduction in parenting stress and substantial improvement in life skills, emotional resilience, self-confidence, decision-making ability, financial independence, and personal and social well-being among the mothers. The study further establishes that entrepreneurship, when supported through structured training,institutional backing, and community-based frameworks, functions not only as a viable economic intervention but also as a powerful psychosocial coping mechanism.The integration of livelihood creation with emotional and social support contributed to enhanced resilience, improved caregiving capacity, and sustainable empowerment of mothers of visually challenged children. The study recommends the incorporation of inclusive livelihood initiatives, school-based entrepreneurial models, and supportive policy frameworks to promote the long-term well-being and socioeconomic security of caregivers of children with disabilities. Keywords: Coping strategy, Entrepreneurship, Life skills training, Mothers of visually challenged children, Parenting stress, Quality of life, Resource management,Visual impairment.Item A Neo-Marxist Study of the Select Retellings of Mahabharata(Avinashilingam, 2024-03) Kushma Kumari T V; Guide - Dr. A. VijayaraniMyth is a dynamic and man-made belief to maintain the culture of a society. It is revisited and altered according to the necessity of people and acts as a guiding source for people. The retellings of Mahabharata fascinate the researchers to apply literary theories and experiment it from different points of view. The present study is an attempt to explore on the retellings of Mahabharata by Devudtt Pattanaik (Jaya: an Illustrated Retelling of Mahabharata), Anand Neelakantan (Ajaya: Roll of the Dice), Kavita Kane (Karna’s Wife: the Outcast’s Queen) and Ashutosh Nadkar (Shakuni: Master of the Game) by applying a Neo-Marxian concepts ‘Theory of Cultural Hegemony’ and ‘Role of Intellectuals’ by Antonio Gramsci. The researcher has taken both male and female characters from the chosen primary texts to discuss about the cultural domination prevailed during the ancient time and has also highlighted on the functional solution enumerated by Gramsci with the aid of the characters. The study explicates on the retellings of Mahabharata with certain aspects from Gramsci’s ‘Theory of Cultural Hegemony’ and ‘Role of Intellectuals’. Elucidates on the purpose of retelling of Mahabharata by critically analysing the selected texts and elaborates on the cultural aspects from them. The study also draws attention to the culture based dominations, capitalist ideologies and gives a practical solution for domination in accordance with Gramsci. The area of research is relevant in this present scenario to highlight the cultural hegemony which still exists among the Indians in different forms. The work is significant as it can relate the issues depicted by the authors of the selected retellings of Mahabharata with our current society.Item Mapping Gender and Violence: Assault, Abuse and Trauma in Select Plays of Indian Women Writers(Avinashilingam, 2025-05) Isai Arasi T; Guide - Dr. S. Christina RebeccaMapping Gender and Violence: Assault, Abuse and Trauma in Select Plays of Indian Women Writers : Violence against women constitutes a significant concern in contemporary India.This issue is rooted in patriarchal beliefs that perpetuate power and gender inequalities.The present research examines various forms of violence as depicted in selected plays by Indian women writers, organized into seven chapters, including an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction delineates the evolution of theatrical works and the emergence of Indian women playwrights, emphasizing their contributions to both society and literature. It also addresses contemporary themes and the impact of select playwrights on the theatrical landscape. Chapter II, titled “Gender and Trauma: Theoretical Framework,” analyses how power dynamics related to gender lead to the subjugation and exploitation of women. This chapter explores how the research utilises the concepts of objectification and trauma theory to examine the exploitation of women’s bodies and its impact on their psyche. It employs objectification to illustrate the perception of women as objects valued primarily for their physical appearance, rather than their intrinsic worth. Additionally, trauma theory is integrated to explore the psychological effects experienced by victims, emphasizing trauma as a significant event that disrupts normal coping mechanisms. Chapter III concentrates on child sexual abuse, specifically analysing Dina Mehta’s play Getting Away With Murder, which highlights the power imbalances that facilitate such abuse, particularly against young girls. This chapter further underscores how societal gender disparities contribute to the prevalence of sexual abuse and discusses the coping mechanisms that victims employ to address their trauma, which often extends into later stages of development. Chapter IV investigates the interplay between power dynamics, gender bias, and domestic violence, utilising Poile Sengupta’s play Mangalam to illustrate the objectification and mistreatment of women by family members. The chapter assesses the psychological effects of domestic violence on women and examines their coping strategies to endure the traumatic experiences inherent in their situations. Chapter V addresses the critical issue of gang rape within the context of Manjula Padmanabhan’s play Lights Out, emphasizing the objectification and violation of women’s bodies by perpetrators. It highlights the pervasive fear instilled in women by such acts and their profound impact on victims’ lives, while also considering the perspective of a witness reflecting on the victim’s suffering. Chapter VI explores the grim realities of women in cyberspace, as portrayed in Anupama Chandrasekhar’s play Free Outgoing. It underscores the severe repercussions of revenge pornography on victims and their families, jeopardizing their future. Moreover, this chapter critically examines societal tendencies to perpetuate gender bias. The conclusion posits that societal transformation is essential to eradicate violence against women, achievable through education that reveals the socially constructed nature of gender norms and emphasizes the importance of male respect for women and their emotions. Furthermore, robust familial and social support systems are crucial for victims, equipping them with the emotional resources necessary to cope with trauma and reclaim their voices.Item Impact of Financial Literacy and Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna Awareness on Financial Inclusion of Attappady Scheduled Tribes in Kerala(Avinashilingam, 2025-05) Reshma K; Guide - Dr. K. KanniammalFinancial inclusion guarantees timely and cost-effective access to financial services like credit, insurance, savings, and remittances for all people and businesses, particularly those in disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. By encouraging fair financial access, it creates a more robust and inclusive economy. Financial inclusion is closely related to financial literacy, which gives people the information and abilities they need to properly manage their finances, including debt management, investing, saving, and budgeting. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was introduced by the Indian government in recognition of this interdependence in order to encourage financial inclusion, especially for the unbanked people. The programme prioritises financial literacy in addition to account opening by providing support services and awareness efforts to help people comprehend and utilise banking products. Scheduled Tribes stand out among the vulnerable groups because of their socioeconomic marginalisation and historical disadvantage. Their inclusion in the financial system promotes sustainable livelihoods, increases economic participation, and advances inclusive national development. As per SECC Report 2011, the most unprivileged category is the Scheduled tribes of Palakkad district in Kerala. Hence, this study analysed the level of financial inclusion, financial literacy, and PMJDY awareness among the three tribal groups of Attappady, such as Irula, Muduga, and Kurumba. Using stratified random sampling, 462 respondents were selected to fetch the primary data. The results showed significant disparities in financial inclusion between the three groups, as well as low levels of financial literacy and PMJDY knowledge. In response, the researcher imparted awareness programmes customised for each tribal community by adopting points from the NCFE financial literacy module. With the help of tribal promoters, the researcher, who had previously received NCFE training, acted as the trainer. The three tribal group’s members were able to improve in terms of financial literacy and knowledge on PMJDY during post-awareness period. While considering the impact of the awareness programme in terms of financial inclusion, Irula and Muduga were able to show a highly positive impact. The Kurumba exhibited little improvement, indicating their unique socio-cultural hurdles and the need for more focused, culturally aware, and long-term interventions, especially for Kurumbas.Item Exploring The Effectiveness of Deep Learning Based Object Detection in Augmented Reality for Remote Learning(Avinashilingam, 2025-09) Arthi D; Guide - Dr. S. SivakumariThe learning system is changing substantially in the modern Industrial age, and students are becoming more progressive. This work argues that students must be well-prepared for the future by having a learning platform that complements the learner. So, to engage the students in learning, educational platforms must consider their interests.Augmented Reality (AR) aims to integrate digital items into the real world and make user-object interactions seamless. To achieve genuine advance in computer vision, realistic integration must be handled, and archetypical 3D and lighting circumstances must be identified.The research's initial phase recommends a technical education learning factory to educate professionals and expose them to online training settings. This new teaching method uses micro lessons in AR linked to a learning factory app. To ensure the platform's efficacy, survey features and results were established, indicating the link between the student and the tech perspectives. When the new micro lessons were evaluated, compliance was taken. A sample-paired t-test showed that the AR-based didactic system was successful, with significant levels of 1% and 5%. This work shows how AR may improve technical education by increasing student engagement and performance. Phase 2 research uses deep learning to test its efficacy in overcoming the archetypical 3D and lighting circumstances problems. The networks must be provided with the object's estimated posture in the preceding timestep of the sequence at most, except the presently active frame. It also helps the network reflect the inaccuracy that may occur during closed-loop tracking, improving accuracy. The suggested approach generates synthetic frames of the monitored object based on its present posture. This decision-making approach needs a 3D representation of the item and instructions for the tracking device. The proposed method of using deep machine learning for dynamic six-degrees of freedom object tracking aims to use advanced tracking technology not used in previous methods. The outcomes rely on large dataset training of deep convolution neural network models that leverage the latest advances in AR tracking technologies.Phase 3 research addresses these issues and creates a new method for object detection and digital data representation in AR. In the recent decade, visual SLAM has gained traction in VR, AR, and self-driving cars. Feature-based visual SLAM has issues with translation and light sensitivity but is useful. Today's AR systems depend on markers to position virtual objects, limiting the marker area and reducing low latency and high precision on mobile devices with limited processing capacity. A solution around these restrictions is the application of the suggested study in using the CLAHE approach for image pre-processing, which enhances picture contrast and results in more feature information being retrieved. The study provides the client-server partitioning technique to facilitate multi-user SLAM with low latency for numerous users at the same time. Thus, the method allows for precise object characterization and localization based on the relationship between regions with a point cloud in real-time AR applications. This geometric, feature- based visual SLAM algorithm claims to have low drift and excellent precision, making AR systems more flexible.Item Anthropogenic Disparity in Mobility: Activism and Resistance in Select Climate Fiction(Avinashilingam, 2025-05) Janane V; Guide - Dr. S. Christina RebeccaThe thesis investigates the diverse forms of injustices in the experiences of climate refugees: human and more than human in select climate fiction. The select climate fictions actively engage with the anthropogenic crisis by analysing the complexities of climate disasters from the political, social, ecological and ethical dimensions. Drawing upon a range of primary sources and theoretical texts that are grounded on the perspectives of climate justice, the research seeks to address the inequities, challenges and the need to establish multispecies inclusive climate justice for climate refugees. The research also examines the various forms of activism and resistance put forth by the human and more than human characters to adopt, cope and seek justice for the climate refugees. The “Introduction” chapter explores the trajectory of climate fiction and its plots by putting forth the concepts of climate criticism adopted. It also explores the purpose of research, objectives, review of literature, research strategy, and the structure of the thesis.The second chapter titled “Climate Justice in the Anthropocene: A Theoretical Framework” elucidates the theoretical framework chosen for the research to substantiate the research objectives on climate justice for climate refugees. The third chapter titled “Environmental Justice Activism: Disparity in Displacement amidst Disproportionate Impact of Climate Change in Amitav Ghosh’s Gun Island” examines the kinds of resistance expressed by the characters of the Global South to address inequities due to geographical, economic and political disparities. The fourth chapter titled “Community Based Activism for Conservation and Sustenance in Barbara Kingsolver’s Flight Behaviour” explicates the role of community engagement in promoting conservation and ensuring rehabilitation of the monarch butterflies as victims of climate change altered migration trajectory. The fifth chapter titled “Countering Eco Fascism: Subversion and i Survival in John Lanchester’s The Wall” analyses the politics of the totalitarian regime and its imposition of eco fascist policies which is subverted through the characters’ resistance.The sixth chapter titled “Resisting Technocapitalism: Security and Rights of Migrants in Paolo Bacigalupi’s The Water Knife” scrutinises the acts of resistance exhibited by climate migrants through border defying mechanisms in a society altered by techno capitalism to counter the impact of climate induced resource conflict. The final chapter titled “Conclusion” culminates with an extension of the findings of the research, the theoretical observations of the thesis and the scope for further study. The chapter provides a brief account of the justification of the research objectives formulated and the research findings that are documented.Item Effect of Nutrition Intervention Programs on Nutritional Status and Nutritional Knowledge of PCOS Young Adult Women(Avinashilingam, 2025-07) Jolly TT; Guide - Thirumani Devi APolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting 6—13% of women of reproductive age, with up to 70% remaining undiagnosed. Characterized by irregular menstruation, excess androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries, PCOS can lead to infertility and increase the risk of long-term health issues such as type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol. While the exact cause remains unclear, abnormal hormone levels are implicated. Symptoms include irregular or absent periods, excessive hair growth, weight gain, thinning hair, oily skin, and acne. Although there is no cure, management strategies include dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, medications, and fertility treatments.This study in Thrissur, Kerala, addressed PCOS under diagnosis among college women aged 18-21 by evaluating nutrition intervention programs. Researcher screened 1,250 students using the Rotterdam Criteria, identifying 25 per cent with PCOS symptoms. Data collection covered anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical assessments, as well as dietary, water intake, stress, menstrual hygiene, and nutritional knowledge. A specially formulated health mix powder was evaluated for its nutritional and sensory qualities. In the intervention phase, 120 PCOS subjects were divided into four groups, receiving varying combinations of nutrition education, exercise, and health mix supplementation, with a focus on stress management and healthy lifestyle practices.Lifestyle assessments in the study revealed that although most participants had adequate sleep, 77 per cent did not engage in regular physical activity, and many relied on external food sources, often consuming high-fat, high-sugar diets. Among the participants, 30 per cent were underweight, 59 per cent had a normal BMI, and 11 per cent were overweight or obese. Dietary patterns showed a preference for non-vegetarian diets, frequent meal skipping, and high sugar intake, with three main dietary patterns identified: high-fat and sugar-rich, vegetable-centric, and cereal and pulse-based. Risk assessment indicated that 61 per cent of subjects were in the low-risk category for PCOS, 17 per cent were moderate risk, and less than 1 per cent were high risk, with similar trends for hirsutism scores. The study underscored the need for dietary modifications and increased physical activity to manage PCOS risk factors. Nutrition intervention programs showed positive effects on nutritional status, knowledge, and PCOS symptom management, highlighting the value of tailored interventions for young women.Item Sustainability and outreach of non-banking financial company - microfinance institutions (nbfc-mfis) in promoting Women micro entrepreneurs(Avinashilingam, 2025-07) Malarchitra K R; Guide - Sasirekha PMicrofinance Institutions in India are established by providing an array of financial services to support the people from underprivileged categories. MFIs are an inventive development strategy to eradicate poverty through financial inclusion. Among various MFIs, Non-Banking Financial Company–Microfinance Institutions (NBFC-MFIs) are catered to address the economic exclusion by offering prompt and sufficient funding for entrepreneurial activities and plays a major role in empowering women micro entrepreneurs. The primary aim of the study was to examine the impact of various factors that influence the sustainability and outreach of NBFC-MFIs. The study was descriptive and analytical in nature. The required data were collected through a well-structured interview schedule from the women micro entrepreneurs and a questionnaire was used to collect data from thirty NBFC-MFIs anagers. Secondary data were collected from the MFIN reports, RBI bulletins, journals and magazines. The study focused on 386 women micro entrepreneurs who borrowed funds from MFIN- registered NBFC-MFIs in Coimbatore district by adopting a proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The study applied various statistical tools, namely descriptive statistics,ANOVA, Kendall's rank correlation, factor analysis, ratio analysis, growth rate analysis, and path model. The findings indicate that borrower awareness, usage of borrowed funds, business, social and financial status have a major effect on NBFC-MFIs sustainability and outreach. Outreach has been directly affected by the business development and institutional sustainability, while the utilization of borrowed funds significantly supports business expansion. Even though the fact that the women entrepreneurs’ social standing has little bearing on sustainability, the business empowerment of the borrowers has impacted the long-term institutional growth. The outreach and sustainability operate closely together and are associated with repayment ability, trust and financial viability.The study concluded that the sustainability and outreach of NBFC-MFIs have a far-reaching impact beyond their immediate financial services. By providing consistent and reliable financial support to the underserved community, it significantly contributes to the broader economic ecosystem by enhancing productivity, stimulating local markets and promoting economic growth. Therefore, the NBFC-MFIs are not only uplifting women entrepreneurs but also acting as a catalyst for sustainable and inclusive economic development.Keywords : NBFC-MFIs, Microfinance, Sustainability, Outreach, Women, Entrepreneurs.Item Effectiveness of Traditional and Modern Games on Socio-Cognitive Development of Children in Biswanath, Assam(Avinashilingam, 2025-04) Karishma Begum; Guide - Priya MPlay is a collection of mental or physical activities that can enhance children's social skills and provide them with joy and fulfilment. It is an essential component of early childhood that fosters the development of children's tactile, sensory, motor, and verbal skills as well as their awareness of their surroundings. Children can develop and explore the world they can master via play, which helps them build new competencies that boost their confidence and resilience when faced with obstacles in the future. Early childhood is a time of fast development that starts at birth and lasts for eight years, in which play is the main way that children learn; therefore, playing does not necessarily mean that they are squandering their time. Through play-based learning, children can improve their physical ability, social-emotional skills, creativity, language, and overall well-being. Children's development is directly influenced by their upbringing, including their immediate environment and the kinds of play they participate in. Traditional games such as Luka bhaku, Along dolong, Tekeli bhonga, Ganga rani, Sit pokhila, Kut kut, Aire amar togor, Rumal sur, and Borof aru pani are based on cultural values and beliefs, which considerably help children in preparing for life. Additionally, traditional games help children learn how to cooperate in groups, balance their behaviours, respect others' rights as they respect their own, and form appropriate relationships with others. These games' interactive elements promote cooperation among children and help them develop critical social skills like communication and teamwork. These games also provide mental and physical exercise that improves creativity and problem-solving skills. These games foster helpful brain development in children by allowing them to learn, solve issues, have fun, and boost their self-esteem. Modern games, on the other hand, listed as Ludo, Building Blocks, Jigsaw Puzzle, Checkers, Maze, Crossword Game, Seriation Board Game, Memory Game and Matching Game that are played in a setting with toys and play materials. Parents and siblings may help children acquire the social skills they need to succeed in life by picking the correct toys and giving them chances to play with others.Furthermore, children can learn how to use these materials by trial and error in modern games, which helps them develop certain skills in particular areas that promote brain development. However, due to the development of technology, it has been noted that it has become common for young children to watch videos or play online games. This behaviour has a negative impact on children in many ways, including inattention, irritability, tantrums, and poor academic performance. Hence those games were not included in the present study in modern game list. Furthermore, at age six, a critical psychosocial stage, children enter the "Industry vs. Inferiority" stage. Encouraging children's efforts, recognising their achievements, and supporting their learning enable them to establish a sense of competence and self-esteem throughout this time, which is essential for their overall self-image and future success. In contrast, if they are not given the chance to feel competent and valued in their skills, an adverse setting can cause emotions of inferiority and inadequacy, which can result in social disengagement or difficulties forming relationships with peers. In light of these facts, the researcher intended investigating the Effectiveness of Traditional and Modern games on socio- Cognitive development of children in Biswanath, Assam with a sample of 590 children (6–8 years old) using simple random sampling procedure for the study. These children were initially assessed with Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) and Malins Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC) to measure their socio-cognitive development. Later based on inclusion and exclusion criteria control and experimental group of 120 children were selected for intervention. For these children, application of Traditional, Modern, and Blended games was given based on safety and developmental domains for a period of three months. The samples were then assessed three times such as before, during, and after intervention. the results were analysed using appropriate statistical application and found that the blended games intervention outperformed the traditional and modern games in terms of social and cognitive development among children. In case of social development, self-help general, self-direction, occupation, communication, and locomotion found to have better improvements with large effect size. On the other hand, cognitive development, children’s information, comprehension, arithmetic, vocabulary, picture completion, block, object assembly, coding and maze were improved much better than other interventions. Thus, in order to promote development and to give children a wide variety of activities that encourage social and cognitive development, this study recommends blended games which could potentially improve children's over-all wellbeing.Keywords: Traditional games; modern games; blended games; social development; cognitive development; early childhood