Development of Non-metallic All Solid-State Sodium Battery using Sulfide Anode and Phosphate Cathode
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Date
2024-12
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Avinashilingam
Abstract
As a potential alternate to current Lithium-ion battery technology, sodium has gained focus due to the fact that sodium is abundant on earth’s crust by 2.3% and India is the third country in producing sodium salts across the globe. It is more appropriate to focus and work on Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with a purview to bring up a technology that is devoid of any restricted atmosphere for assembly and should be capable of sufficing the demand of energy as well. The development of room-temperature All Solid-State Sodium Batteries (ASSSBs) has prompted significant research. Among various electrode materials, sulfide (Copper sulfide) and alloy-based (Tin antimonide) anode materials and polyanionic type cathode (Sodium iron phosphate) are prospective combination yet to be studied among all solid-state sodium battery electrodes. Based on the vast literature survey, copper sulfide (CuS- theoretical capacity 560 mAhg-1) and tin antimonide (Sn2Sb3 – theoretical capacity 753 mAhg-1) are preferred anodes for SIBs. CuS is prepared by two different methods to find a suitable method with higher yield, higher capacity and stability. The solid-state reaction method (SSR) is found to be a suitable method and the sample is pulverised with Sn2Sb3 to reap maximum advantages from the alloy-based anode. Thus, the CuS (SSR) pulverised with Sn2Sb3 provides a good electrochemical activity without any secondary alloy formation and the issues of stability still prevails. Hence, carbon sources are added to CuS anodes to improve the performance of the anodes. Among which the sodium alginate derived carbon (SAC) is found to be the best and this CuS (SAC) when pulverised with Sn2Sb3 could provide 84.6% capacity retention as the best anode. As a cathode, maricite NaFePO4 phase is chosen and this phase is found to be electrochemically inactive hence trivalent and tetravalent dopants of Lanthanum and Zirconium are introduced. Among all the dopant concentration evaluated, the 0.02 Zr doped sample showed higher specific capacity and capacity retention over cycling. Hence, the chosen anode and cathode are assembled as a full cell in a thick-film geometry with standard PVA-NaOH electrolyte. The constructed best performing full
cell could achieve a specific capacity value of 164 mAhg-1 at 0.1 Ag-1 over 2000 cycles. The assembled non-metallic All Solid-State Sodium Battery constructed with sodium alginate derived bio-carbon added CuS pulverised with Sn2Sb3 as anode and NFP doped with 0.02 concentration of Zr as cathode with PVA-NaOH stand-alone membrane as an electrolyte achieved as energy density of 110 WhKg-1 and power density of 66.5 WKg-1. This type of non-metallic all solid-state sodium batteries are the initial device assembly taken for the future scope since it does not need any controlled environment.
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Physics