Ph.D Theses

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Bioconversion of Paddy and Coffee Husks As organic Manure and its Effect on Plant Growth and Soil Fertility
(Avinashilingam, 2024-09) Sambana Hema; Dr. A. Vijayalakshmi
Biocomposting plays an important role in managing the agro based industrial waste in organic farming to minimize the soil hazards, the present work has been designed to investigate the “Bioconversion of paddy and coffee husks as organic manure and its effect on plant growth and soil fertility” using Pleurotus eous, Pleurotus florida, Trichoderma asperelloides and Eisenia fetida. The results of microbial population study revealed significant increase of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in C6 (Raw coffee husk + 6.5g Pleurotus eous, 6.5g Pleurotus florida, 7g Trichoderma asperelloides + Eisenia fetida (5t/ha) followed by C3 (Raw paddy husk + 6.5g Pleurotus eous, 6.5g Pleurotus florida, 7g Trichoderma asperelloides + Eisenia fetida (5t/ha) on 20, 40, 60 and 80 days. Observations with FT-IR and FESEM revealed the morphological structure, maturity and stability of biocomposts as well as physico - chemical parameters clearly showed that among 6 biocomposts, C6 showed significant reduction in lignin, cellulose, EC, organic carbon, C:N ratio and increase in total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in comparison to other biocomposts, raw paddy and coffee husks. The pot culture experiments were conducted with control and 6 treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) on moth bean, black gram, fenugreek and kalmegh. T6 showed significant growth in all biometric parameters (root length, shoot length, number of leaves, number of nodules, fresh weight and dry weight) and yield parameters (number of pods/plant, length of the pod, number of seeds/pod, weight of the seeds/ pod, fresh and dry weight of the pods) when compared to control and other treatments. Biochemical parameters (protein, carbohydrate, chlorophyll ’a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophyll in leaves, leghaemoglobin in nodules, protein and carbohydrate in seeds) of all the four test plants was maximum in T6. Phytochemical screening of methanol seed and leaf extracts of fenugreek and kalmegh grown under treatment 6 showed various phytochemicals when compared to control. Treatment 6 methanol seed (moth bean, black gram, and fenugreek) and leaf (kalmegh) extracts revealed notable antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Fenugreek and kalmegh methanol seed and leaf extracts of best treatment (T6) showed maximum scavenging activity and antibacterial activity. Pre and post-harvest soil analysis showed maximum increase in initial soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Treatment 6 when compared to control and other treatments of all the four plants. Therefore, biocomposted paddy and coffee husk produced by Pleurotus eous, Pleurotus florida, Trichoderma asperelloides and Eisenia fetida was found to be an efficient organic manure. Application of this biocompost has rejuvenated the depleted soil fertility, enriched the available pool of nutrients enhanced the biometric, biochemical, yield parameters, antioxidant, antibacterial activities and phytochemical contents of the test plants. Hence, it can be concluded that biocomposting of paddy and coffee husk has immense potential for recycling and recovery of plant nutrients from agro industrial wastes.
Effect of Biocomposted Sugarcane Trash and Bagasse on Selected Crop Plants and Soil Nutrient Status
(2024-03) Gnanamani K; Dr. A. Vijayalakshmi
Organic manures are excellent source of plant available nutrients and their addition to soil could maintain high microbial population. Several methods have been developed to convert agricultural wastes into organic manure to replace inorganic fertilizers. Sugarcane bagasse dumped on road sides pollute air and water which has an impact on environment. Agro industrial waste of sugarcane trash and sugarcane bagasse are rich in cellulose and hemicellulose contents. Insitu composting of cane trash can be a good alternate to mitigate these problem. The bio composted sugarcane trash incorporation in the soil influences physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Bagasse is a lignocellulosic waste from sugar mills and agricultural processing. The aim of the present study is to recycle Sugarcane trash and Sugarcane bagasse waste into compost as manure and analyse its microbial population, physico-chemical and FT-IR in raw and compost sample. The compost was incorporated into different treatments and evaluated its effect on vegetative growth, biochemical, yield, soil status, soil microbial population, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Onion (Allium cepa L.), Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). The study was carried out in four different phases. In phase I, composting was carried out in pit using Pleurotus florida, Trichoderma asperelloides, Microbial consortium and Eudrilus eugeniea. Microbial population composting revealed that treatment C5 noted highest bacterial, fungal and actinobacteria count on 30th day with remarkable increase on 60th day and the microbial population was gradually declined on 90th day respectively. A significant decrease in lignin, cellulose, EC, organic carbon and C:N ratio was noted in C5 treatment when compared to the raw sample. The increasing trend was noted in C5 and C2 treatment for pH, N, P, K, Ca and Mg respectively. The FT-IR spectroscopic analysis showed that raw sugarcane trash and sugarcane bagasse waste sample has a deep peak when compared to the composted sample having a smaller or disappearing peak which may be due to the composting process. The findings of phase II revealed that the biometric character of Onion (Allium cepa L.) is increased in T3 treatment when compared to the control on 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) is increased in T4 treatment when compared to the control on 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is maximum in T3 treatment over the control on 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is highest in T5 treatment when compared to the control on 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Maximum number of bulbs, diameter of bulb (cm), bulb length (cm), single bulb weight (g) and bulb yield per plot (kg) content was more in T3 treatment when compared to the control on 90 DAS in onion (Allium cepa L.). A significant increase in number of fruits, diameter of fruits (cm), single fruit weight (g), fruit yield per plant (kg) and fruit yield per plot (kg) in T4 treatment when compared to control on 90 DAS in black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Maximum number of fruits, diameter of fruits (cm), single fruit weight (g), fruit yield per plant (kg) and fruit yield per plot (kg) in T3 treatment when compared to the other treatment and control on 90 DAS in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The number of fruits, fruit length (cm), single fruit weight (g), fruit yield per plant (kg) and fruit yield per plot (kg) was increased in T5 treatment on 90 DAS in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). The phase III results revealed that Maximum protein, carbohydrates and chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in leaves was noted in T3 treatment when compared to the control and other treatment on 30, 60 and 90 DAS in onion (Allium cepa L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The increase in protein, carbohydrates and chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in leaves was observed in T4 treatment on 30, 60 and 90 DAS in black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). A significant increase in protein, carbohydrates and chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in leaves were recorded in T5 treatment when compared to the control and other treatment on 30, 60 and 90 DAS in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Phase IV results showed maximum initial soil pH, electrical conductivity, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in T5 treatment over the control. The post-harvest soil crops grown in Onion (Allium cepa L.) is increased in T3 treatment. Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) is increased in T4 treatment. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is maximum in T3 treatment. Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is highest in T5 treatment. Initial soil microbial population of bacteria, fungi and actinobacteria were observed in T3 treatment when compared to the control. Post-harvest soil microbial population of bacteria, fungi and actinobacteria were maximum T3 in onion, T4 in black nightshade, T3 in tomato and T5 in brinjal. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Allium cepa L. in T3 treatment, Solanum nigrum L. in T4 treatment, Solanum lycopersicum L. in T3 treatment and Solanum melongena L. in T5 treatment showed highest zone of inhibition in best treatments when compared to the control. From the present study it is concluded that the combined application of compost produced from Sugarcane trash and sugarcane bagasse in an eco-friendly way enhanced the growth of the crops investigated.
Enhancing In Vitro Propagation Efficiency and Exploring Wound Healing Therapeutic Potential of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L A Multifaceted Approach
(Avinashilingam, 2024-10) Lavanya N; Guide - Dr. S. Amutha
Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. is a medicinal plant belongs to Apocynaceae, notorious for its pharmacological properties and folk medicine since ancient period. It became threats due to habitat destruction and over-exploitation by ethnic people and pharmaceutical industries. This study focused on conservation of R. tetraphylla, on account of lowest germination percentage and to explore micropropagation techniques to mitigate these challenges and investigated seed germination, callus formation from various explants, direct organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis. The seed coat is hard it prevents the seed germination, to overcome the seed dormancy and the seeds were pre-treated with 4℃ for 48 hours. The germination of 83.33% was achieved by precut seed coats at one end. Callus formation was induced from leaf, node, internode, and root explants using different hormone combinations. Regeneration of R. tetraphylla through in vitro propagation both direct and indirect regeneration. Somatic embryogenesis provides insights into the plant regeneration in R. tetraphylla, offering valuable contributions to tissue culture protocols and conservation efforts for the endangered medicinal plant. Since, ancient times the extracts of Rauvolfia are still excessively used for skin issues and wound healing as traditional medicine. Wound healing property was systematically investigated the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, angiogenesis, and wound-healing properties of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from R. tetraphylla leaves and fruits. The wound-healing was confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo studies. The in vitro scratch assay, representing the rapid cell migration was obtained at 100 μg/mL of all the four extracts revealed the potential of wound healing of the R. tetraphylla. In vivo studies carried out in Zebra fish models proven that the efficacy of wound-healing potential. The caudal fin incisional wounds were treated with ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited accelerated regeneration and normal morphology was achieved on the 21st day. Histological studies evaluated that rapid cellular regeneration compared with control group lesser than the treated group at 100 μg/mL extracts. This study elucidated that the significance of wound healing property of R. tetraphylla it emphasis the future drug discovery.Wound healing property of R. tetraphylla was enhanced in the presence of alkaloids.Hence, the Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) is responsible for the production of alkaloids. Enhancing In vitro Propagation Efficiency and Exploring Wound Healing Therapeutic Potential of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.: A Multifaceted Approach Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC, EC 4.1.1.28) gene facilitates the conversion of tryptophan totryptamine. A new gene encoding TDC was identified from the alkaloid producing plant R.tetraphylla by transcriptome analysis, termed as RtTDC. It contains 1,500 base pair which encodes an open reading frame for 499-amino-acid polypeptide with molecular mass of 55729.29 kDa and isoelectric point of 5.37. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed the closest similarity (95.3 %) with the TDC from the Rauvolfia verticillata. This enzyme has property of recombinant tryptophan decarboxylase from R. tetraphylla was characterized. The potential activity of tryptophan decarboxylase specific to L-tryptophan may contribute to the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids in R. tetraphylla. The finding of tryptophan metabolites in R. tetraphylla plants is a novel report, lead to hypothesize the existence of TDC enzymatic activity, from which aromatic amino acid decarboxylases is formed. These results support the in-silico annotation of the examined protein sequences of R. tetraphylla as TDC and suggest the involvement of TDC enzymatic activity in this plant. Molecular modeling of the TDC gene evidencing the reliability, stability and the structural similarities of the R. tetraphylla TDC gene with R. verticillata TDC gene. The L-tryptophan used as ligand in docking analysis to verify the TDC gene enzymatic activity for synthesis of Indole alkaloids. High performance liquid chromatography data analyses of RtTDC catalyzed reaction mixture confirmed the catalytically decarboxylative activity of RtTDC.Bioactive compounds identified through GCMS and LCMS analysis were subjected tomolecular docking studies suggested that potential pharmacological implications of R. tetraphylla in drug design and development. In silico docking studies were accomplished using three different protein structures (PDB IDs: 6Y8M, 6B8Y, 1GEN) with various ligands selected for their potential in wound healing applications. The binding affinities of the ligands were evaluated, and their interactions with amino acid residues within the protein structures were analysed. Though, the present study suggested that further research is required to investigate the of R. tetraphylla bioactive compounds to promote the formulation of wound healing drug, intensive clinical trial to prove efficiency of R. tetraphylla and as a good candidate for wound healing, anticancer drug.
Harnessing the Benefits of Groundnut and Toddy Palm Shell Biocompost on Selected Crops
(Avinashilingam, 2024-03) Karthiya V; Dr. A. vijayalakshmi
Safe management of plant and animal waste is one of the most important environmental issues in the world. Disposable of groundnut shells and toddy palm shells are a threat to the environment. A significant amount of shell residuals dumping or burning process leads to the accumulation of waste causing environmental pollution. Hence, minimizing the waste by recycling promotes zero-waste production. Recycling of organic waste is most important for preserving natural resources. The current research was performed to investigate the growth and yield performance of bhendi, cluster bean, coriander and fenugreek by the influence of groundnut shell and toddy palm shell composts. The degradation of groundnut shell and toddy palm shell through the microbial consortium and Trichoderma asperelloides along with vermicomposting technology has been presented. The treatments includes T1: Groundnut shell + Trichoderma asperelloides + Eisenia fetida, T2: Groundnut shell + microbial consortium, T3: Groundnut shell + microbial consortium + Eisenia fetida, T4: Toddy palm shell + Trichoderma asperelloides + Eisenia fetida, T5: Toddy palm shell + microbial consortium, T6: Toddy palm shell + microbial consortium + Eisenia fetida respectively. During composting bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes counts were observed at the regular interval of 30, 60 and 90 days which achieved peak stage on 60th day of composting. The physical and chemical parameters of raw and composted samples were analyzed. The results observed range between pH (6.01– 6.40), EC (1.39-2.59 dS m-1), TN (0.91-1.39%), TP (1.98-2.51%), TK (2.36-3.85%), Ca (2.27-3.25%) and Mg (2.18-2.99%), were significantly increased while lignin (9.54-6.69%), cellulose (10.71-6.35%), OC (29.8–26.5%) and C:N ratio (29:1-19:1) were considerably reduced in C6 and other treatments. In addition, FT-IR analysis showed high degradation in C3 and C6 and XRD confirms excellent compost maturity. SEM micrographs of final composts revealed the presence of many structural changes. The matured compost was used to evaluate the growth and yield characteristics of bhendi, cluster bean, coriander and fenugreek in field trial in 2019. The application of toddy palm shell + microbial consortium + Eisenia fetida (T6) enhanced the growth, yield, biochemical and soil nutrients status of selected test crops compared to the control. Further, the best treatment (T6) compared with coir pith and effective microorganisms in field studies during 2020. The growth, yield, biochemical parameters and nutrients status of soil was observed maximum in either coir pith (T1) or effective microorganisms (T3). However, the application of bio-composted toddy palm shell by using microbial consortium and Eisenia fetida (T6) showed near to maximum value. This may be due to the presence of consortium of microorganisms significantly increased the level of plant essential nutrients by producing plant growth regulators. The study revealed that composting could be a sustainable method for recycling organic waste into organic fertilizers, which can help in increasing productivity by enhancing nutrient supply.

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