Browsing by Author "Gandhimathi, S"

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    Availability and Demand for Agricultural Credit Among Tribes
    (2015) Gandhimathi, S
    Agriculture plays a crucial rol&.in the devchpment c f the Indian econon-iy. It accounts fu: about 19 per'cent :of^ - GDP and about two thirds o f the population is dependent on the sector: The importance o f farm credit as a criiicai input to agriculture is reinforced by the unique role of Indian agriculture in the macroeconomic framework and its role in i poverty alleviation. Recognizing the importance of agriculture sector in India's development, the Government and the,: Reserve Bank o f India (RBI): have played a vital role, in creating a broad-based institutional framework for catering tol. the increasing credit requirements o f the.sector. The adoption of multi-agency approach for the provision o f credit to the, rural areas with a larger role o f the commercial banks so, that the.desired level o f progress in agriculturaTproduction,' could be achieved (Agarwal et al„ 1997). The share of commercial banlcs increased from 51:94 percent in 1998- 1999 to 71.64 per cent in 2008-2009,.: but the, share o f cooperative banlts declined from. 38, 67 per cent- to)17.91 per cent in the same period, whereas the Regional?- Rural Banlcs were the marginaiplayers with 7 - 91per cenl.market share in agricultural credit (Hand-Book c f Indian- Economy, 2011). . . V Growth in. agricultural credit and number o f accounts, which was on a declining trend during 1990-2000 had; picked'up: in early 2000s and continued till 2006-07, but was again showing a declining trend in the recent years. During- the period o f high growth in agricultural credit, the share of indirect credit was on an increase but had remained stagnant: iii - .nibsequent years. Moreover, the share o f small and marginal farmers in total credit, which was about. 27 per centyaclR. \ stayed unchanged at that level betyveen 2004-05 'qnd 2006-07, even as:agricultural credit, growth was otr a-riseflTliis -; clearly meant that the benefits of doubling of agriculturafcredit to small.and marginal farmers have been relatiyel0essf, In this backdrop, an attempt was made to assess the availability o f credit and: demand for agricultural crediticirnong ?. tribes. The finding of the study shows that per acre demand for crop loan v;as higher for marginal farmers. It was amounted to-*- 42121 per acre followed by small and medium farmers. It showed that as the size o f land holding increased, the per acre.? demand for crop loan had declined. The demand for investment loan had decreased along with size o f land holding among borrowers. On an average, all borrowers demanded investment loan 9668.33 per acre. The per acre availability. o f crop loan had decreased along with the size of land holding among borrowers. Marginal farmers alone received an. amount of investment loan 24393.94 per acre. It was the highest amount compared to small and medium farmers
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    Deteminants of Borrowing Behaviour of Farmers
    (2012) Gandhimathi, S
    Agriculture contributed 19 percent o f gross domestic product in India. Agricultural credit is the major input in agriculttire (Economic Survey, 2009). There is a strong relationship between agricultural credit and agricultural production. Many o f the studies had established this relationship (Feder et al, 1990, Foldz,2004). The Reserve Bank o f India fixed a target lending o f 18 percent net bank credit to the agricultural sector (Report on trend and progress o f banking, 2009). The Approach Paper to the Eleventh Five Year Plan has set a target o f 4 per cent fo r the agriculture sector within the overall GDP growth target o f 9 per cent. In this context, the need for affordable, sufficient and timely supply o f institutional credit to agriculture has assumed critical importance. In India a multi-agency approach comprising co-operative banks, scheduled commercial banks and RRBs has been followed for purveying credit to agricultural sector. The policy o f agricultural credit is guided mainly by the considerations o f ensuring adequate and timely availability o f credit at reasonable rates through the expansion o f institutional framework, its outreach and scale as also by way o f directed lending. The demand for agricultural credit arises due to ij lack o f simultaneity between the realisation o f income and act o f expenditure; ii) lumpiness o f investment in fixed capital formation; and Hi) stochastic surges in capital needs and saving that accompany technological innovations. Credit, as one o f the critical non-land inputs, has two-dimensions from the viewpoint o f its contribution to the augmentation o f agricultural growth viz., availability o f credit (the quantum) and the distribution o f credit. In backdrop, an attempt was made to identify the determinants o f borrowing behaviour o f farmers. To conclude, the per borrower crop loan was higher fo r the medium farmers and lower fo r the marginal farmers. It was found that there was positive relationship between the amount o f loan and farm size except for the semi-medium and large farmers. The amount o f Per borrower investment loan was found to be highest fo r large farmers. The estimated borrowing function explained 67 percent o f the variations in the amount borrowed in terms o f the socio-economic characteristics o f the farmers. O f the variables taken into account, only the land size emerged as significant variable in explaining the variations in the borrowing behavior in the study area.
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    Determinants of Agricultural Credit Constraint - A Micro Level Analysis
    (2010) Gandhimathi, S
    In India, commercial banks, co-operative and Regional Rural banks were the main conduit for providing agriculture credit. Though the total agricultural credit ot institutional agencies had inci-eascd from R,s.385 crore in 1970-1971 to Rs.1,25,309 crore in 2004-2005, till the year 2003-2004, the private sector and public sector commercial banks did not achieve the target lending (18 percent net bank credit) to the agricultural sector fixed by the Reserve Bank of India. Around 60 percent of the working capital of the farmers was not financed by the financial institutions and remained as institutional credit gap. The above facts brought out the presence of institutional credit gap in the agricultural sector lending and substantiated for disequilibrium credit market condition in agriculture (National Accounts Statistics, 2006). The studies in India on the extent of credit constraint and the impact of agricultural credit on agricultural sector in a disequilibrium market condition are very limited (Kochar, 1997). Hence the major objective of the present study is to analyse the extent of credit constraint and the factors determining credit constraint. To conclude, in the study area, the area under cultivation (except in Karamadai block) and farmers’ own fund to invest,, turned out to be the significant factors to determine probability of credit constraint. The co-efficient of farmers’ own fund had consistent negative sign. It revealed that the probability of credit constraint had declined with increase in the amount of farmers’ own fund to invest.
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    Determinants of Agricultural Credit Constraint—A Micro Level Analysis
    (2010) Gandhimathi, S
    In India, commercial banks, co-operative and Regional Rural banks were the main conduit for providing agriculture credit. Though the total agricultural credit of institutional agencies liad increased from Rs.885 crore in 1970-1971 to Rs.1,25,309 crore in 2004-2005, till the year 2003-2004, the private sector and public sector commercial banks did not achieve the target lending (18 percent net bank credit) to the agricultural sector fixed by the Reserve Bank of India. Around 60 percent of the working capital of tlie farmers was not financed by tlie financial institutions and remained as institutional credit gap. Tlie above facts brought out the presence of institutional credit gap in the agricultural .sector lending and substantiated for disequilibrium credit market condition in agriculture (National Accounts Statistics, 2006). The studies in India on the extent of credit constraint and the impact of agricultural credit on agricultural sector in a disequilibrium market condition are very limited (Kochar, 1997). Hence the major objective of the present study is to analyse the extent of credit constraint and the factors determining credit constraint. To conclude, in the study area, the area under cultivation (except in Karamadai block) and farmers’ own fund to invest, turned out to be the significant factors to determine probability of credit constraint. The co-efficient of farmers’ own fund had consistent negative sign. It revealed that the probability of credit constraint had declined with increase in the amount of farmers’ own fund to invest.
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    Determinants Of Air Pollution And Its Impact On Health In Coimbatore City
    (2016-04) Subhashini, M S; Gandhimathi, S
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    Determinants of Borrowing Behaviour of Farmers - A Comparative Study of Commercial and Co-operative Banks®
    (2010) Gandhimathi, S
    The preference of farmers between commercial and co-bperative banks for borrowing has been :aidied with the objectives of finding (a) distribution of institutional credit across various categories of fanners and to assess the coverage and quantum of credit, and (b) socio-economic factors which affect the borrowing behavioili of farmers towards commercial and co-operative banks. In the study, based on 100 farmer borrowers, die discriminant analysis has been carried out. The study has offered some suggestions also for a better access of farmers to institutional credit.
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    Determinants of Credit Allocation in Aricultural Sector in Coimbatore District
    (2012) Ambiga Devi, P; Gandhimathi, S
    The diversification of a large fraction of bank credit from the traditional sector to the priority sector is a remarkable feature of credit deployment In the post nationalization era. Due to various policy measures of the government the priority sector lending had increased considerably. The priority sector lending witnessed a growth of 18 per cent in 2010-11 over the year 2009-2010. However, the growth of agricultural advances decelerated to 9 per cent in 2010-11 as compared with the growth of 23 per cent in 2009- 2010. In 2010-11, at the aggreg(^te level, banks have lent more than 40 per cent of their Adjusted Net Bank Credit to priority sectors. The sub-target prescribed for agricuiture at 18 per cent of Adjusted Net Bank Credit was also achieved by banks in 2010- ll(Report on trend and progress of banking, 2011). The bank-wise data on priority sector advances as per cent ofANBC, ho wever, indicated that seven out of 26 public sector banks were not able to meet the priority sector lending target of 40 per cent of ANBC in 2010^ 11. Further, it is a concern that 18 out of 26 public sector banks could not meet the target set for agricultural advances in 2010-11. Among the private sector banks, only one bank could not meet the priority sector lending target'in 2010- 11. However, ten private sector banks did not meet the target set for agricultural advances in 2010-11. Foreign banks have a slightly different norm for priority sector lending as the target for them is set at 32 per cent ofANBC. Further, export credit is a part of priority sector lending of foreign banks. In 2010-11, at the aggregate level, foreign banks achieved the target of priority sector lending. However, at the bank-level, nfpw banks cniPH not meet the priority sector lending cent os compared with the industry average of 22 per cent in 2010-11 (Report on trend and progress of banking, 2011). In this backdrop, an attempt was made to identify the factors determining credit allocation in agricultural sector in Coimbatore district. The factor analysis shows that,among the ten variables, only the number of marginal farmers, the number of agricultural labourers, the number of large formers and the total area under cultivation could be selected to. represent the respective factor components. The Bankers must consider the above four factors in credit allocation to the blocks. Among these factors, only the variables such as the number of large farmers was statistically significant to influence credit allocation among blocks.
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    Determinants of Voluntary and Involuntary Unemployment Among Unemployed Youths
    (2012) Gandhimathi, S
    The key strategy for achieving inclusive growth in the Eleventh Plan has been generation of productive and gainful employment, with decent working conditions, on a sufficient scale to absorb the growing labour force. The Eleventh Plan (2007-12) aims at generation of 58 million work opportunities in twenty-one high growth sectors so that the unemployment rate falls to 4,83 per cent by the end of the Plan. The 64th round (2007-08) of NSSO survey on employment-unemployment indicates creation of 4 million work opportunities between 2004-05 and 2007-08. In the unemployment problem in India, the educated unemployment problem is more severe. In this backdrop, an attempt was made to analyse the determinants of voluntary and involuntary unemployment. The findings of the study shows that low qualification and low salary were the main factors determining unemployment. Age, ownership of land and property and sex were the dominant factors discriminating voluntary and involuntary unemployment. Voluntarily unemployed were distinguishable from involuntarily unemployed by higher level of age, higher number of males and lower value of property and land. The males who were in the higher age group but unmarried were voluntarily unemployed. These males were voluntarily unemployed due to dependence of their family income and expecting self-employment opportunities.
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    An Empirical Analysis on Quality of Life of Migrants in Tirupur City
    (2012) Gandhimathi, S
    Migration is die mo\'enicnt o f people from one place to another place, which could be vciluntarily chosen to search for new and better opportunities or Forced to escape negative or dangerous situation. There ha.s been a steady increase in India in the number of migrants. In the year 1961 there were about 144 million migrants by place of birch and in 2001 it has increased to 307 million. Various leasons are attributed to the reasons on niigrarion. The working and living conditions of the Migrants, who could easily be absorbed in informal activities in urban areas are far from satisfactory. The present stutly is an attempt to find out the reasons for migration and their living conditions. To carry out die studv, 100 migrants in Tirupur city were selected at random and administering an interview .schedule data frir the study was collected during the month of November 201.1. The current study exhibits that economic factors outweigh social lactors for the people to migrate. It further corroborates the Todaros model of migration which says that migration takes place because of differences in expected wage rates. The analysis reveals that the cjualitv of life of the sample migrant hotiseholds is far from satislactory.
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    Employment of Women IT Sector – A performance Analysis
    (2005-04) Supriya, G; Gandhimathi, S
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    Factors Determing Unemployment Among Unemiployed Youths
    (2012) Gandhimathi, S
    The key strategy for achieving inclusive grov\/th in the Eleventh Plan has been generation of productive and gainful employment, \A/ith decent \A/orking conditions, on Tsu”fficieht~sTa 1'e~toTbybrB"th”e grdwfnylabWr foTceTAs p“eTNSSO’ clatayemploymen't■■■■ on a current daily status (CDS) basis during 1999-2000 to 2004-05 had accelerated significantly as compared to the grov\yth witnessed during 1993-94 to 1999-2000. During 1999-2000 to 2004-05, about 47 million work opportunities were created compared to only 24 million in the period between 1993-94 an d 1999-2000 and employment growth accelerated from 1.25 per cent per annum to 2.62 per cent per annum. However, since the labour force grew at a faster rate of 2.84 per cent than the workforce, unemployment also rose. The incidence of unemployment on CDS basis increased from 7.31 per cent in 1999i2000 to 8.28 per cpnt in 2004-05. A comparative study of different estimates of unemployment during 2007-08 indicates that the CDS estimate of unemployment rate being the broadest is the highest. The higher unemployment .mtes according to the CDS approach vis-a-vis weekly and usual status approaches indicate a high degree of intermittent unemployment. In this backdrop, an attempt was made to analyse the determinants of unemployment among educated unemployed youths. In Coimbatore district, sickness of the industries was one of the main causes for unemployment. There was grater gap between the growing of job opportunities and the labour force. The unemployed youths opined that there was a need to create additional job opportunities to match with the growing labour force. The common factor determining unemployment level in all the educational level was the age of the respondent. The relationship between the duration of unemployment and the age of the respondent was observed to be positive which shows that the age of the respondent was higher, higher would be the duration of unemployment and vice versa. It implied that the unemployment problem was not solved for a long period of time. At higher educational level, the sex of the respondent and family income added with the age of the respondent to determine duration of unemployment. In the pooled analysis educational status of the respondents was also observed to be significant factor determining duration of unemployment.